BEE1013
Circuit Theory I
Method of Analysis (CLO2)
Nodal analysis
Lecturer: Ts. Dr. Sarah ‘Atifah binti Saruchi
1/6/22
Recap
[Link] Current Law (KCL)
[Link] Voltage Law (KVL)
[Link] divider
[Link] divider
Homework
• Find I1.
I1
Today’s outline
1. Nodal analysis
2. Nodal analysis with voltage source
1. Nodal analysis
• One of method to analyse circuit
• Based on a systematic application of Kirchhoff”s
Current Law (KCL)
• Using node voltage as the variable
• Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as
circuit variables is convenient and reduces the number
of equations
• In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node
voltages
Nodal analysis
• Fig 3.1 (b) Chassis ground. Used in devices where the case, enclosure,
or chassis acts as a reference point for all circuits.
• Fig 3.1 (a) (c) Earth ground. Used when the potential of the earth is
used as reference,
Step 1: Selecting a node as the reference node. The reference node is
commonly called the ground since it is assumed to have zero
potential.
• Node 0 is the reference node (v = 0)
• Nodes 1 and 2 are assigned as voltages v1 and v2
Step 2: Apply KCL and Ohm’s law
KCL at Node 1:
KCL at Node 2:
Step 2: Apply KCL and Ohm’s law
• Now apply Ohm’s law to express the unknown currents i1,
i2, and i3 in terms of node voltages
• Since resistance is a passive element, by the passive sign
convention, current flow from a higher potential to a lower
potential
• Math equation:
• Based on the formula:
Step 2: Apply KCL and Ohm’s law
Equation derived by KCL: Equation derived by Ohm:
Substitute equation derived from Ohm’s Law into the equation derived by
KCL:
Step 3: Solve the simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages
Solve the node voltages v1 and v2 using any standard method, such as the
substitution method, the elimination method, Cramer’s rule, or matrix
inversion
Exercise 1
Calculate the node voltages.
Exercise 1-answer
Exercise 1-answer
The simultaneous equations can be solved into 2 different methods
Exercise 1-answer
The simultaneous equations can be solved into 2 different methods
Exercise 2
Find the node voltages.
Hint:
Step 1: Label the nodes. (skip this since nodes already labelled)
Step 2: Apply KCL and Ohm’s law
Step 3: Solve the simultaneous equations
Homework
Find the node voltages.
Hint:
Step 1: Label the nodes. (skip this
since nodes already labelled)
Step 2: Apply KCL and Ohm’s law
(current flow already labelled)
Step 3: Solve the simultaneous
equations
2. Nodal analysis with voltage source
How voltage source affect nodal analysis?
Case 1:
If a voltage source is connected between the
reference node and a nonreference node, we
simply set the voltage at the nonreference
node equal to the voltage of the voltage
source.
Based on Fig 3.7,
2. Nodal analysis with voltage source
Case 2:
If the voltage source (dependent or
independent) is connected between two
nonreference nodes, the two nonreference
nodes form a generalized node or supernode;
we can apply both KCL and KVL to
determine the node voltages.
Based on Fig. 3.7, nodes 2 and 3 form a
supernode.
Calculation of supernode requires Ohm’s law and both KCL and KVL:
Exercise 3
Find the node voltages.
Additional notes: Resistor can be neglected if it is across a supernode
Exercise 3-answer
Exercise 3-answer
Attention:
Not all circuit has supernode.
Exercise 4 Hint:
Case 1:
Find i1, i2 and i3 and nodal voltage If a voltage source is connected
using nodal analysis. between the reference node and a
nonreference node, we simply set the
voltage at the nonreference node equal
to the voltage of the voltage source.
Case 2:
If the voltage source (dependent or
independent) is connected between
two nonreference nodes, the two
nonreference nodes form a supernode;
both KCL and KVL can be applied
Homework
Find the node voltages using nodal analysis.
Tentative
6/6(Mon)- Public holiday
8/6(Wed)- Mesh analysis
13/6(Mon)-Exercise day
15/6(Wed)- Discussion
20/6(Mon)- Test 1 (CLO1+CLO2)
11am-1230pm DETSAR
The end
