DATA TRANSMISSION

ELEMENTS
WHAT IS DATA TRANSMISSION
The term data transmission refer to the process by which
the information regarding the quantity being measured, may be
using a transducer, is transmitted to a remote location for
applications like data processing, recording or displaying.

When the measured variables have to be transmitted over

long distances from the measuring points to a location for display
or recording of data, data transmission elements are employed.
These are also called telemetry units or systems.
 BASIC TELEMETRY SYSTEM
The basic telemetry having the following units
1. Telemeter Transmitter.
2. Telemeter channel.
3. Telemeter receiver.

Functional representation of telemetry system

The function of the telemeter transmitter is to convert the output of a primary sensing
element into an electrical signal and to transmit it over a telemetering channel. This signal is in
electrical or non electrical format and is received by a receiver placed at a remote location. This
signal is converted into a usable form by the receiver and is indicated or recorded by an end
device, which is graduated in terms of the measurand.
 METHODS OF TELEMETRY SYSTEMS
The transmission of a measured variable to a remote point is an
important function in instrumentation systems because of the size and complexity of
modern industrial plants. The most common variables encountered in industrial
plants are temperature , pressure , flow. To measure these properties we need fluid
line connections of great length from the place of measurement to the place of data
display. This will result into excessive measurement lags. Hence, there is need for
fast transmission of data.
The method employed for data transmission depends upon the variable and
also the distance over which it has to be transmitted the following types may be
used.
The information may be in the form of analog or digital signals. While
current, voltage, position, frequency and pulse types of signals can be used for
analog telemetry, only pulse signals can be used for digital telemetry.
ELECTRICAL TYPE
TELEMERY SYSTMS
Bourdon tube pressure gauge
 VOLTAGE TELEMETRY SYSTEM

Measured Variable is transmitted in form of voltage
 At transmitting end, Slide wire is connected in series with battery.
 Slide wire is further connected to Bourdon tube for pressure measurement.
 When pressure changes, slider will move and result in change in voltage.
Thus, change in Voltage is transmitted to null balance potentiometer.
 Potentiometer pointer moves and shows the output.
 CURRENT TELEMETRY SYSTEM

 Working is almost same as of Voltage telemetry system

 When pressure changes Borden tube moves sliding contact
thereby value of current changes
 This current passes through pair of wires and measured by
milliammeter.
 HOW LVTD WORKS
 LVTD means LinearVariableDifferentialTransformer.
 Used to convert the rectilinear motion of an object to
which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding
electrical signal
 MOTION BALANCE CURRENT TELEMETERING
SYSTEM
 The pressure acting on the bourdon tube causes a displacement which
moves the core of the LVDT, thereby producing a voltage output which
is amplified by an amplifier and then rectified.
 This voltage produces D.C. current in the telemetering channel and is
measured by a D.C. milliammeter directly calibrated in terms of pressur
being measured.
 FORCE BALANCE CURRENT TELEMETERING
SYSTEM

 In this system-part of the current output is fed back to oppose the

motion of the input variable being measured.
 The bourdon tube, after sensing change in pressure, rotates the
feedback force coil.
 As the coil rotates, the flux linkages between the primary and
secondary windings change.
 This change in flux linkages varies the amplitude of the amplifier.
 The output is connected to the feedback force coil which
produces a force opposing the bourdon tube input.
 This system of current telemetering increases the accuracy as
small variations are required which result in better linearity.
 MERITS AND DEMERITS
Merits:
 Effective for short distance measurement
 V and I can be easily transmitted
 Circuitry required is simple
 Wide variety of primary sensing elements are available to measure
reqd. variable.
Demerits:
 is difficult to calibrate.
 Need to be protected from EMI, noises and distortions in the channel.
 Multiplexing is difficult.
 Limited frequency response.
 POSITION TELEMERTING SYSTEM
A position telemetering system transmits and reproduces the
measured variable by positioning variable resistors or other electrical
components in a bridge circuit form so as to produce proportional
changes at both the transmitter and the receiver ends. This is known as
Bridge type System.
WORKING:
 This system transmits and reproduces measured variable in terms of positioning
variable with the help of potentiometer arrangement shown in the diagram.
 There are two potentiometers arranged in transmitter and receiving end
respectively. Both potentiometers are operated under common power supply.
 The sliding contact at the transmitting end is positioned by the
bourdon tube as pressure is applied to the latter..
 The receiving contact moves the pointer which indicates on the scale
the pressure which is being measured (the scale is directly calibrated
in terms of pressure).
 The principle involved is the same as that of a Wheatstone bridge.
 Advantages:
 No intermediate amplifiers are needed.
 relatively inexpensive.
 less moving parts.
 low maintenance.
Disadvantags:
 Affected by the excessive line resistance.
 POSITION TELEMETERING SYSTEM USING
SYNCHROS
Another most commonly used position telemetry system utilizes a Synchro
Transmitter and Receiver. (This is purely an a.c. telemetry system. This has been
described here because it uses land line telemetry.) The synchro transmitter and
receiver are used in the torque transmission mode.
WORKING:
 The input to this type of system is angular position of the synchro-transmitter.
When the rotor of the torque transmitter is in the same position as that of the
receiver, the emfs induced in the stator windings of both of them are equal and
there is no current in the telemetering (or the transmission) channel.
 If the rotor of the transmitting synchro is rotated, there is an emf unbalance in
the stator windings of synchro transmitter and the receiver, resulting in a current
flow in the telemetering channel.
 This current flowing in the stator of receiver produces a torque on the
receiver rotor till it occupies the same position as the rotor of the
synchro transmitter.
 The indicator in such a system may be a simple pointer attached to
rotor shaft of the receiver synchro for the end devices.
 RADIO FREQUENCY TELEMETRY SYSTEM
 No physical link between telemeter transmitter and receiver.
 Link is established through radio links.
Examples: in spacecrafts, rockets and missiles corrective actions
can be taken from stations with help of R.F. Links
 In instrumentation the o/p of transducer is considered as modulating
signal
 MODULATION METHODS
The modulation methods used for transmission in R.F. (radio
frequency) airborne telemetry are also applicable to land line
transmission. The expression for a carrier wave is
e = A sin (2Fct+ θ)
where A = amplitude of carrier.
Fc = frequency of carrier in Hz.
θ = relative phase shift of carrier, in rad.
There are three methods of modulations are there
1. amplitude modulation.
2. Frequency modulation.
3. Phase modulation.
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
What is ment by amplitude:
the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating
body or wave measured from its equilibrium position
 In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied
by a modulating voltage signal whose frequency is much lower than that
of the carrier. Formally, AM is defined as system of modulation in which
the amplitude of the carrier is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal. In case of instrumentation systems, the
modulating signal is the output voltage of a transducer which is
generated on account of application of the measurand.
Let ec and ee, be the instantaneous values of the carrier signal and the
modulating signal voltage respectively. The two voltages vary
sinusoidally and therefore :
ec = Ec sin Wt
ee = E, sin Ws
where W= angular frequency of variation of (input) modulating signal.
 WHAT IS FREQUENCY
Frequency is the number of times a specified event occurs
within a specified time interval. A standard measure of
frequency is hertz (Hz) - number of cycles per second
 FREQUENCY MODULATION
Frequency modulation is a system in which the amplitude of
the modulated carrier is kept constant, while its frequency is
varied by the modulating signal. The general equation of an
unmodulated wave, or carrier, can be written as:
x = A sin (wt + θ)
where
x = instantaneous values of current or voltage
A = maximum (amplitude) of current and voltage
W=angular frequency, rad/s
θ = phase angle, rad.
NON-ELECTRICAL
TYPE TELEMETRY
SYSTEM
PNEUMATIC TELEMETRY SYSTEM
Working
• compressed air is used to communicate the values of measured
quantity from one location to the other location.
• There are four bellows elements A and B transmitting with
stroke lever & the interface disc d.C & D form the receiving &
display block along link.
• The two blocks are connected by pneumatic lines. with the
float rising or falling,the push rod moves up pressing bellows
element B or expanding it so pressure increase in line 1 or 2
expanding element D or Cat the receiving end
Advantages:
 High effectiveness.
 High durability and reliability.
 Simple design.
 High adaptability to harsh environment.
 Safety.
 Easy selection of speed and pressure.
 Environmental friendly.
Disadvantages:
 Relatively low accuracy.
 Low loading• Processing required before use.
 Uneven moving speed.
 Noise
HYDRAULIC TELEMETRY SYSTEM
Advantages:
 It gives more power than pneumatic systems.
 Its reliable to operate.
Disadvantages:
 Slower motion than pneumatic.
 Complex construction.
 Leakage of oil problem.
 More maintenance than pneumatics.
MECHANICAL TELEMETRY SYSTEM