POLYME
RSChemistry
Applied Organic
POLYMERS
• Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking
together of many small molecules called
monomers.
• They are large molecules with high molecular
masses.
• For example, the monomer ethylene gets linked
with many other ethylene molecules to form
polyethylene, or large number of vinyl chloride
molecules combines to form polyvinyl chloride.
• The single repeating unit is called as monomer,
and the resultant high molecular weight
compound is called as polymer.
POLYMERS
POLYMERS
POLYMERS
• On the basis of this physical property, the polymers with
high degree of polymerization are known as high polymers
while those having comparatively low degree of
polymerization are known as oligopolymers.
• Oligomers are low molecular weight polymers
comprising a small number of repeat units whose
physical properties are significantly dependent on
the length of the chain.
• Oligomers are essentially intermediates of the
polymerization reaction that find wide, direct
applications in material science
• The molecular weights of polymers are generally in the
range of 5000 to 200,000.
• These are also known as macromolecules.
• The total number (n) of single monomer units combined to
form a polymer is known as degree of polymerization (DP).
DP affect physical properties of polymers.
CLASSIFICATION
• i) Based on source:
• a) Natural: e.g starch,
cellulose, protein
• b) Semi synthetic: Nitro
cellulose
• c) Synthetic: Polyethene,
polyvinyl chloride
Classification of Polymers
• ii) The nature of monomer
• (a) Homo-polymers: A polymer containing
identical monomers.
• A-A-A-A
• (b) Co-polymers are the compounds formed
by two different small molecules. For
example, in polystyrene butadiene, one
molecule of butadiene combines with one
molecule of styrene.
• The product obtained acts as a monomer to
get the polymer.
• A-B-A-B-A-A-B
Classification
of polymers
• iii) On the basis of arrangement of monomeric units
in polymers, these are named as linear, branched
or cross- linked (three dimensional structures).
• Some examples of linear high polymers are rubbers,
polyethylene, cellulose, polyvinyl acetate.
• Polyethylene may also have branched chains.
• The vulcanized rubber is an example of cross-linked
polymers in which –S-S- cross links are joined
irregularly.
• Due to cross linking, polymer structure becomes
three dimensional cross-linked or network polymer.
• This makes the polymer very hard and rigid.
Branched polymer
CLASSIFICATION
• iv)Based on atoms- If the main chain of the polymer is of same atoms, it is known as homo-
chain polymers while if is of different atoms it is known as hetero polymer.
• e.g. -C-C-C-C-C- Homochain polymer
• -C-O-C-O-C-O- Heterochain polymer
• v) Co-polymer is named as regular, or irregular based on the arrangement.
• e.g. -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A- Regular
• -A-B-B-A-B-A-A-B-B-
Irregular
—A.—B—A—B—A—B-A Linear co-polymer
Branched chain homopolymer
CLASSIFICATION
• If co-polymer chain possesses relatively
long sequence of like monomers, it is
called as block co-polymer whereas if
co-polymer possesses branched structures
in which the monomer segments are
not in same sequence on branch and
backbone, it is known as graft co-
polymers.
• vi) Based on effect of heat polymers are of
two types: Thermoplastics and
Thermosetting
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
• diblock copolymers are copolymers in
which the basic unit consists of two
block chains.
• The two blocks are completely
different, for example, A is a
hydrophobic polymer and B is a
hydrophilic polymer.
CLASSIFICATION
• vii) Polymers are also
classified on the basis of
configuration of
macromolecule known as Tacticity
of polymers in the following ways:
• a) Isotactic polymers
• In isotactic, the head to tail
configuration in macromolecule
with respect to functional
groups is iso, i.e. all the functional
groups lie on the same side of
the chain.
CLASSIFICATION
• b) Atactic polymers
• In atactic, the head to tail configuration is random i.e. the functional
groups are arranged randomly.e.g polypropylene
• c) Syndiotactic polymers
• Arrangement of side group in alternating fashion is
called syndiotactic polymer. e.g gutta percha
CLASSIFICATION
• b) Atactic polymers
• In atactic, the head to tail configuration is random i.e. the functional
groups are arranged randomly.e.g polypropylene
• c) Syndiotactic polymers
• Arrangement of side group in alternating fashion is
called syndiotactic polymer. e.g gutta percha
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
• Vii) These are examples of homo-organic
polymers. Other examples of organic
polymers are polysaccharides, proteins, DNA.
• viii) On the basis of chemical composition, the
polymers are also called either organic or
inorganic polymer.
• Generally, in organic polymers, carbon with or
without N, S, O, forms the skeleton while in
inorganic, other elements form the skeleton, e.g
Polyethylene, Polysilanes, RNA, etc.
• Man made organic polymers include PVC, PP,
PVA, PF, UF, polyesters, polyamides,
polyurethanes, synthetic rubbers etc.
CLASSIFICATION
• Inorganic polymers are those in which atoms other than
carbon form the skeleton of polymer. Polysiloxanes or
polytitoxane are the examples of polymers where side chain
may be of organic nature.
• They are also known as elemento-organic or hetero-organic
polymers.
• Polysilanes are purely inorganic in nature. Other examples
of this class are MgO polymer or hydrogen borons.
••
•[- - -Mg -O-Mg-O-Mg---]
•Magnesium oxide polymer.
POLYMERIZATION
• The reaction of monomers to form a
polymer is known as polymerization.
The polymers are formed mainly by
• i) Addition polymerization (Chain
polymerization).
ii) Condensation polymerization (Step
polymerization).
iii) Copolymerization
POLYMERIZATIO
• i) Addition or Chain Polymerization- N
• The word chain indicates elongation of carbon skeleton to form a polymer. Generally, such a
polymerization involves the (C = C) link in monomer. The double bond breaks and as a result two
single bonds on either side of each carbon are formed and thereby elongation of carbon chain
continues. The product of this type of polymerization is exact multiple of monomer number,
having no by-product or loss of any molecule.
a. Addition polymerization is undergone by monomers having C = C linkage, e.g.
ethylene, vinyl chloride, propylene, butadiene,
;
styrene etc.
b. The rate of reaction is very high.
c. The polymerization reaction involves three steps such as
a) Initiation.
b) Propagation or branching and
c) Termination.
POLYMERIZATION
POLYMERIZATION
• ii) Condensation Step Polymerization-
• The monomers having certain
functional groups such as -OH, -
COOH, - NH2 etc. show the
tendency to undergo polymerizations
by the elimination of one molecule of
a simple by-product such as H2O,
HCl, salt or alcohol etc. Unlike
addition / chain polymerizations,
polymer loses simple molecules
at every combination, as a result
does not have exact multiple
number of monomer units.
POLYMERIZATION
• a. Condensation polymerization is
undergone by the monomers which
possess functional groups.
• b. Generally monomers are like acids,
amines, alcohols, phenols, carbonyl
compounds etc.
• polymerization is comparatively slow, it
depends on kind of catalyst the
temperature and the time of reaction,
e.g, Nylon 66 Phenol, formaldehyde
POLYMERIZATIO
• iii) copolymerization: N
• It is a joint polymerization of two or more monomers.
• High molecular weight compounds obtained by copolymerization are
called copolymers.
• For example, butadiene and styrene copolymerizes to give GRS-rubber
or Buna-S
POLYMERIZATION
PLASTICS
• Polymers are called as plastics since
they can be moulded to desired shape
by application of heat and pressure.
• Classification of Plastics
• On the basis of setting manner in
final stage of manufacture, the
plastic materials are plastic
articles which are classified in two
classes namely, thermo setting and
thermos plastic.
PLASTICS
• a)Thermo Setting Plastics: These are the
polymers which on heating change
irreversibly into hard and rigid materials.
• This melt of polymer when set into a mould
to form an article, is almost a permanent
set.
• On reheating the article does not soften again.
• They are hence known as thermo hardening
plastics or permanent setting resins and during
moulding acquire three- dimensional cross-
linked structure with strong covalent bonds.
• On reheating, these bonds retain their
strength and hence such a plastic does not
soften on reheating.
PLASTICS
• Thermo setting plastics can not be reclaimed
from waste due to their irreversibility.
• They are hard, strong and brittle than thermos
plastics.
• The method by which these are formed is
called as condensation polymerization.
• They are insoluble in almost all organic
solvents, due to their cross- linked three-
dimensional structure.
• Phenol formaldehyde / bakelite, amino plastics
and alky plastics, epoxy plastics, silicon plastics
etc are the best-known examples of
thermosets.
PLASTICS
• (b) Thermo Plastics: These show reversible change on heating, i.e.
they soften on heating but regain their original properties on cooling.
• They gain or lose hardness with rise or fall in temperature.
• Their chemical nature does not get affected even on repeated
heating and cooling, i.e. the changes are more of physical nature.
• If these resins are softened, they retain their softness at that
temperature.
• These resins can be reclaimed from waste, and they are soft, weak,
less brittle as compared to former type of plastics resins.
• The method usually used to manufacture is addition polymerization.
• They are generally long linear polymer with occasional or no cross
linking.
• They are soluble in specific organic solvents, examples of this class of resins
are cellulose nitrate, polyacrylates, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl resins, or
polystyrene resins, polyamides (nylons), polypropylene, polyethylene etc.
The Thermosoftening Plastics The Thermosetting or Thermohardening Plastics
These are are long chain linear polymers with These are formed by condensation polymerization
negligible formed by
addition polymerization
These have linear and branched structure These have three-dimensional network structure with
number of cross links
They have low molecular weight as compared to Theyhavehigh molecularweight ascompared to
therrmosetting type plastics thermo softening plastics
They are usually soft, weak and less brittle They are usually hard, strong and more brittle
PLASTICS They are usually soluble in some organicssolvents Due to strong bonds and cross links, they are insoluble
in all organic solvents.
They get softened on reheating readily because The crosslinks and bonds retain their strength on
secondary forces between the heating and hence, they do not soften on heating.
individual chain ch can break easily
by heat or pressure.
By reheating to a suitable temperature they can be They retain their shape and structure even on heating.
softened, reshaped and thus reused Hence, they cannot be reshaped and reused.
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
