You graphed and analyzed exponential functions.
(Lesson 3-1)
• Evaluate expressions involving logarithms.
• Sketch and analyze graphs of logarithmic functions.
• logarithmic function with base b
• logarithm
• common logarithm
• natural logarithm
There is an inverse relationship between logarithmic
and exponential functions.
logbx, read “the logarithm, base b, of x,” or “log, base b,
of x,” means “the exponent to which we raise b to get x.”
Converting from Exponential Form to Logarithmic Form
Example: Write each exponential equation in the
logarithmic form.
4
3
a. 4 64 1 1 c. a 2 7
b.
2 16
Solution
a. 4 3 64 log 4 64 3
4
1 1 1
b. log1 2 4
2 16 16
c. a 2 7 log a 7 2
Converting from Logarithmic Form to Exponential Form
Example: Write each logarithmic equation in the exponential form.
a. log 3 243 5 b. log 2 5 x c. log a N x
Solution
a. log 3 243 5 243 35
b. log 2 5 x 5 2 x
c. log a N x N a x
Evaluate Logarithms
A. Evaluate log216.
log216= y Let log216 = y.
2y = 16 Write in exponential form.
2y = 24 16 = 24
y = 4 Equality property of
exponents.
Answer: 4
Evaluate Logarithms
B. Evaluate .
= y Let = y.
5y = Write in exponential
form.
5y = 5–3 = 5–3
y = –3 Equality property of
exponents.
Answer: –3
Evaluate Logarithms
C. Evaluate .
= y Let log3 = y.
3y = Write in exponential form.
3y = 3–3 = 3–3
y = –3 Equality property of
exponents.
Answer: –3
Evaluate Logarithms
D. Evaluate log17 17.
log1717 = y Let log1717 =
y.
17y= 17 Write in
exponential form.
17y= 171 17= 171
y = 17 Equality property of
exponents.
Answer: 1
log 2 ( 8) undefined WHY?
One easy explanation is to simply rewrite this
logarithm in exponential form.
We’ll then see why a negative value is not permitted.
log 2 ( 8) First,
y we write the problem with a variable.
y Express it in exponential form.
2 8
What power of 2 would gives
us -8 ? 1
2 8 and 2 3
3
8
Expressions of this type are
undefined.
Apply Properties of Logarithms
A. Evaluate log8 512.
log8512= log883 83 =
512
=3 logbbx = x
Answer: 3
Apply Properties of Logarithms
B. Evaluate 22log22 15.2.
22log22 15.2 =15.2 blogbx = x
Answer: 15.2
Evaluate 7log7 4.
A. 4
B. 7
C. 47
D. 74
The abbreviation log, with no base written, is understood
to mean logarithm base 10, or a common logarithm.
logx = log10x.
So y = logx if and only if x = 10y
log21 = log1021
On most calculators, the key for common logarithms is
markedLOG
Common Logarithms
A. Evaluate log 10,000.
log10,000= log104
10,000 = 104
= 4 log10x = x
Answer: 4
Common Logarithms
B. Evaluate 10log 12.
10log 12 = 12 10log x = x
Answer: 12
Common Logarithms
C. Evaluate log 14.
log 14 ≈ 1.15 Use a calculator.
Answer: 1.15
CHECK Since 14 is between 10 and 100, log 14 is
between log 10 and log 100. Since
log 10 = 1 and log 100 = 2, log 14 has a
value between 1 and 2.
Common Logarithms
D. Evaluate log (–11).
Since f (x) = logbx is only defined when x > 0, log (–11)
is undefined on the set of real numbers.
Answer: no real solution
Evaluate log 0.092.
A. about 1.04
B. about –1.04
C. no real solution
D. about –2.39
The logarithm with base e is called the natural
logarithm and is denoted by ln x.
That is, ln x = loge x.
y = lnx if and only if x = ey
Natural Logarithms
A. Evaluate ln e4.6.
ln e4.6 = 4.6 ln ex = x
Answer: 4.6
Natural Logarithms
B. Evaluate ln (–1.2).
ln (–1.2) undefined
Answer: no real solution
Natural Logarithms
C. Evaluate eln 4.
eln 4 =4 elnx = x
Answer: 4
Natural Logarithms
D. Evaluate ln 7.
ln 7 ≈ 1.95 Use a calculator.
Answer: about 1.95
Evaluate ln e5.2.
A. no real solution
B. about 181.27
C. about 1.65
D. 5.2
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
A. Sketch and analyze the graph of f (x) = log2 x.
Describe its domain, range, intercepts,
asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function
is increasing or decreasing.
Construct a table of values and graph the inverse of
this logarithmic function, the exponential function
f –1(x) = 2x.
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Since f (x) = log2x and f –1(x) = 2x are inverses, you can
obtain the graph of f (x) by plotting the points (f –1(x), x).
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Answer: Domain: (0, ∞); Range: (–∞, ∞);
x-intercept: 1; Asymptote: y-axis;
Increasing: (0, ∞);
End behavior: ;
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
B. Sketch and analyze the graph of
Describe its domain, range, intercepts,
asymptotes, end behavior, and where the function
is increasing or decreasing.
Construct a table of values and graph the inverse of
this logarithmic function, the exponential function
.
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Since are inverses, you
can obtain the graph of g (x) by plotting the points
(g –1(x), x).
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
Answer: Domain: (0, ∞); Range:(–∞, ∞);
x-intercept: 1; Asymptote: y-axis;
Decreasing: (0, ∞);
End behavior:
;
Describe the end behavior of f (x) = log4 x.
A.
B.
C.
D.
