Streams
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Streams
Streams
Flow of data in the form of a sequence of bits
The main class for I/O operations is ios
istream and ostream are inherited from ios
iostream is inherited from istream and ostream
There are two types of I/O operations
a) Low level I/O
b) High level I/O
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Streams
Low level I/O
Unformatted data, series of bytes.
byte wise transfer
High speed, high volume, but inconvenient for people
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Streams
High level I/O
- Formatted in terms of basic data types.
- bytes are grouped according to the data types for
transferring.
- Good for almost all I/O
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Streams
Stream classes
istream: built-in input stream variable; by default connected to keyboard, cin
ostream: built-in output stream variable; by default connected to console, cout
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iostream
hierarchy
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Streams
Streams
iostream library
<iostream.h>: Contains cin, cout, cerr, and clog
objects.
<iomanip.h>: Contains parameterized stream manipulators.
<fstream.h>: Contains information important to user-
controlled file processing operations
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Streams
Formatting Flags
• Formatting flags act as on/off switches that specify choices
for various aspects of input and output format and
operation.
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Streams
Flags and their meaning
• skipws: Skip (ignore) whitespace on input
• left: Left-adjust output
• right: Right-adjust output
• dec: Convert to decimal
• oct: Convert to octal
• hex: Convert to hexadecimal
• boolalpha: Convert bool to “true” or “false” strings
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Streams
• showbase: Use base indicator on output (0 for octal, 0x for hex)
• showpoint: Show decimal point on output
• uppercase: Use uppercase X, E, and hex output letters (ABCDEF)—
the default is lowercase
• showpos: Display + before positive integers
• scientific: Use exponential format on floating-point output
[9.1234E2]
• fixed: Use fixed format on floating-point output [912.34]
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Streams
flags
• they are members of the ios class, you must usually precede them
with the name
• ios and the scope-resolution operator
• All the flags can be set
• using the setf() and unsetf() ios member functions
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Streams
Manipulators
Manipulators are formatting instructions inserted directly into a stream.
For example endl
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Streams
• ws Turn on whitespace skipping on input
• dec Convert to decimal
• oct Convert to octal
• hex Convert to hexadecimal
• endl Insert newline and flush the output stream
• ends Insert null character to terminate an output string
• flush Flush the output stream
• lock Lock file handle
• unlock Unlock file handle
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Streams
Manipulators Argument Function
• setw() field width (int) Set field width for output
• setfill() fill character (int) Set fill character for
output
(default is a space)
• setprecision() precision (int) Set precision (number of
digits displayed)
• setiosflags() formatting flags (long) Set specified flags
• resetiosflags() formatting flags (long) Clear specified flags
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Streams
Functions
• The ios class contains a number of functions that you can use to set
the formatting flags and perform other tasks.
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Streams
• ch = fill(); Return the fill character (fills unused part of field;
default is space)
• fill(ch); Set the fill character
• p = precision(); Get the precision (number of digits displayed for
floating-point)
• precision(p); Set the precision
• w = width(); Get the current field width (in characters)
• width(w); Set the current field width
• setf(flags); Set specified formatting flags (for example, ios::left)
• unsetf(flags); Unset specified formatting flags
• setf(flags, field); First clear field, then set flags
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Streams
main()
{ Output
int a = 589, b = 12345;
float e = 12345.1234; Hex 24d
char f = 'T';
Dec 589
cout << "\nHex " <<hex<<a ;
cout << "\nDec " <<dec<<a ; Oct 1115
cout << "\nOct " <<oct<<a ;
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Streams
main()
{
int a = 589, b = 12345; Output
float e = 12345.1234; This is e 12345.1
char f = 'T'; 12345.123
cout << "\nThis is e "<<e <<endl ;
cout <<setprecision(9) << e<<endl;
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Streams
main()
{
Output
int a = 589, b = 12345;
float e = 12345.1234;
char f = 'T'; 589
0000000589
cout << setw(10) << a <<endl;
cout << setfill('0');
cout << setw(10) << a << endl;
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Streams
The istream Class
• The istream class, which is derived from ios, performs
input-specific activities, or extraction.
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Streams
• >> Formatted extraction for all basic (and overloaded) types.
• get(ch); Extract one character into ch.
• get(str) Extract characters into array str, until ‘\n’.
• get(str, MAX) Extract up to MAX characters into array.
• get(str, DELIM) Extract characters into array str until specified
delimiter (typically ‘\n’). Leave delimiting char in stream.
• get(str, MAX, DELIM) Extract characters into array str until MAX
characters or the DELIM character. Leave delimiting char in stream.
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Streams
• getline(str, MAX, DELIM) Extract characters into array str, until MAX
characters or the
• DELIM character. Extract delimiting character.
• putback(ch) Insert last character read back into input stream.
• ignore(MAX, DELIM) Extract and discard up to MAX characters until
(and including) the specified delimiter (typically ‘\n’).
• peek(ch) Read one character, leave it in stream.
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Streams
• count = gcount() Return number of characters read by a (immediately
preceding) call to get(), getline(), or read().
• read(str, MAX) For files—extract up to MAX characters into str, until
EOF.
• seekg() Set distance (in bytes) of file pointer from start of file.
• seekg(pos, seek_dir) Set distance (in bytes) of file pointer from
specified place in file. seek_dir can be ios::beg, ios::cur, ios::end.
• pos = tellg(pos) Return position (in bytes) of file pointer from start of
file.
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Streams
The ostream Class
• The ostream class handles output or insertion
activities.
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Streams
• << Formatted insertion for all basic (and overloaded)
types.
• put(ch) Insert character ch into stream.
• flush() Flush buffer contents and insert newline.
• write(str, SIZE) Insert SIZE characters from array str into
file.
• seekp(position) Set distance in bytes of file pointer from
start of file.
• seekp(position, seek_dir) Set distance in bytes of file
pointer, from specified place in file. seek_dir can be
ios::beg, ios::cur, or ios::end.
• pos = tellp() Return position of file pointer, in bytes. 25
Files: Binary files, Text Files
• Hello Ali
• 21300 + 400+ 55.444 * 7
• ðÿ•œ±¾¤...݉JfIF
•.
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Streams
using namespace std;
main()
{
int a = 589, b = 12345;
float e = 12345.1234;
char f = 'T';
ofstream csefile;
[Link] ("E:\\[Link]");
csefile<< " File Handling \n" ;
csefile<<a<<endl<<b<<endl<<e<<endl<<f;
}
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Streams
using namespace std;
main()
{
int a = 589, b = 12345;
float e = 12345.1234;
char f = 'T';
ifstream csefile;
[Link] ("E:\\[Link]");
csefile>>a>>b>>e>>f;
cout<<" a =" << a <<endl;
cout<<" b =" << b <<endl; a =444
cout<<" e =" << e <<endl; b =789
cout<<" f =" << f <<endl; e =987.9
f =S
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Streams
int main () {
ofstream csefile;
[Link] ("E:\\[Link]");
csefile << "This text directly goes to a file\n";
[Link]();
return 0;
}
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Streams
using namespace std;
int main () {
int x=100, y = 300;
ofstream csefile;
[Link] ("E:\\[Link]"); The sum of x and y = 400
csefile << "The sum of x and y = " <<x+y;
[Link]();
return 0;
}
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Streams
using namespace std;
int main () {
string ss;
ifstream fo ("E:\\[Link]");
if (fo.is_open())
{
getline (fo,ss);
cout << ss << '\n';
Output
[Link]();
This is our first text file.
}
else cout << "cannot open [Link]";
return 0;
}
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Streams
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main () {
string ss;
ifstream fo ("E:\\[Link]");
if (fo.is_open())
{
while ( getline (fo,ss) )
{
cout << ss << '\n'; Output
} This is our first text file.
[Link](); This file contains the grades of two students.
} Fahad 3.3
else cout << "Unable to open file"; Sara 2.8
return 0;
}
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Streams
Predefined Stream Objects
• These are automatically available when you include <iostream>.
• You don't need to create them — they are predefined globally.
• Based on classes like istream, ostream, and iostream.
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Streams
• cin, an object of istream_withassign, normally used for keyboard
input
• cout, an object of ostream_withassign, normally used for screen
display
• cerr, an object of ostream_withassign, for error messages
• clog, an object of ostream_withassign, for log messages
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Streams
Stream Errors
To deals with errors during stream operations
Error-Status Bits
• The stream error-status flags constitute an ios enum member that
reports errors that occurred in an input or output operation.
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Streams
• goodbit: No errors (no flags set, value = 0)
• eofbit: Reached end of file
• failbit: Operation failed (user error, premature EOF)
• badbit: Invalid operation (no associated streambuf)
• hardfail: Unrecoverable error
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Streams
Functions for Error Flags
• int = eof(); Returns true if EOF flag set
• int = fail(); Returns true if failbit or badbit or hardfail flag set
• int = bad(); Returns true if badbit or hardfail flag set
• int = good(); Returns true if everything OK; no flags set
• clear(int=0); With no argument, clears all error bits; otherwise sets
specified flags, as in
• clear(ios::failbit)
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