INTRODUCTION
STRESS:
The force exerted on a substance per unit area
FORMULA:
where A = Area (in m 2) and F = Force exerted (in Newtons).
Unit: N/m² or Pascal (Pa).
For instance, the force that an automobile's weight applies on a tire.
STRAIN:
Strain, which is defined as the ratio of the change in dimension to the original dimension, is the deformation or elongation that a
material undergoes in reaction to stress.
The formula is 𝜖 = ΔL/L
where L = original length and Δ L= change in length.
Quantity without dimensions (no unit).
For instance, strain is produced when a rubber band is stretched, lengthening it.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
For the majority of materials, relationships between
stress and strain may be plotted on a graph. In this
experiment, strain is created by progressively
increasing the force. On a graph, the strain and stress
values are plotted. The stress-strain curve is the name
given to this graph. These curves, which differ
depending on the material, are particularly useful in
providing a reasonable understanding of how the
material behaves under various load scenarios.
It is evident from the graph that it is nearly a straight
line from O to A. Hooke's Law only applies in this
particular area of the curve.
PROPORTIONALITY LIMIT: Point A is known as the
proportionality limit because, after the OA area or point
A, the graph deviates from both Hooke's rule and the
proportionality law.
Elastic region: The Elastic Region is the first area of the graph that graph OA represents. Under the applied
strain, the material in this area deforms, but when the stress is released, it recovers to its original state. Hooke's
Law is followed in this area.
Elastic modulus: The stiffness of the material is shown by the Elastic Modulus, which is the slope of the Stress-
Strain Curve in the elastic zone. Another name for it is Young's modulus.
Yield point: The location on the stress-strain curve where the material began to plastically deform and was
unable to completely return to its initial state once the force was removed. Stated differently, the stress at which a
material begins to show signs of plastic deformation by a specific amount is known as the yield point.
Yield Strength: The material's yield strength is the amount of stress needed to cause a 0.2-0.5% plastic
deformation.
Ultimate tensile strength, or UTS: The highest stress a material can withstand before breaking or cracking is
known as its ultimate tensile strength. It is a measurement of the material's toughness and is often expressed in
pounds per square inch (PSI).
Plastic region: A portion of the stress-strain curve known as the "plastic region" occurs when a material
permanently deforms plastically and is unable to return to its initial state once the stress has been removed.
Strain hardening modulus: The material's capacity to withstand more deformation is shown by the strain
hardening modulus, which is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the plastic zone.
Fracture point: Fracture strength is the stress or force at the fracture point, which is the location on the stress-
strain curve where the material fractures during the experiment.
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Improving product quality
Choosing Materials:
High Strength: Carbon fiber for structures that are lightweight.
High Toughness: Rubber for components that absorb impacts.
High Ductility: Electrical wires made of copper
Design Optimization:
To simulate the distribution of stress, use finite element analysis (FEA).
Stay away from jagged edges that might concentrate stress.
Verification and Testing:
Cyclic testing replicates recurring loads, such as tires.
Temperature-Related Testing: For materials that are utilised in harsh settings.
Industrial Applications
Automobile Sector:
Engine parts made to resist mechanical and thermal strains.
Analysis of energy absorption in crash zones.
Airspace:
Turbine blades' ability to withstand high temperatures was evaluated.
Landing gear is put through repeated stress tests.
Building:
The earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete beams is assessed.
Cables for suspension bridges that are designed to withstand loads and wind.
Production:
Stress-strain principles are used to shape sheet metals so they don't tear.
Plastics that are injection-molded are examined for even stress distribution.
Relationship In Quality Control
Preventive Actions:
Non-destructive testing, or NDT: Finding defects without causing harm to the product is possible using.
Stress Concentration Analysis: Steer clear of abrupt shifts in the cross-section.
Enhancement of Performance:
Use techniques like annealing or quenching to change the characteristics of the material.
For instance, smartphone screens made of strengthened glass.
Analysis of Failures:
To examine fractures, use scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Examine the differences between theoretical models and actual stress-strain data.
Real-Life Examples
Wings of an airplane:
Material fatigue with repeated takeoffs and landings is avoided through stress analysis.
Cables for bridges:
Stress tests mimic the worst-case conditions, such as earthquakes or storms.
Materials for Packaging:
Plastic films for food packaging that are both flexible and robust.
Implants for medical purposes:
Implants made of titanium are examined for stress limitations and biocompatibility.
Benefits In Industry
Enhanced Security:
Steer clear of catastrophic disasters like auto accidents or bridge collapses.
Cost-effectiveness:
minimizes material waste and maximizes manufacturing costs.
Improved Product Efficiency:
increases product longevity by choosing better materials.
Adherence to Regulations:
satisfies industry standards such as ISO or ASTM.
Conclusion
Key Takeaway:
The connection between material science and practical applications is made possible by stress-strain analysis.
Trends for the Future:
Applying machine learning and artificial intelligence to predictive stress assessments.
Creation of intelligent materials that instantly adjust to stress.
An Appeal for Action:
Better goods and safer industries will result from ongoing innovation and implementation of stress-strain principles.
