OPM1501
Unit 3 – Numbers and Operations
Dr Hlamulo Mbhiza
UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND OPERATIONS
UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
After working through this unit, • describe and use operations on
you should be able to: numbers
• describe and use factors and
• discuss the Hindu-Arabic multiples
numeration system • explain and use prime numbers
• explain the concept of a • explain and use the rules of
“number” divisibility
• use models to represent numbers
Place value, face value and total value
Development of Hindu-Arabic numeration digits: •Activity 3.2
Using three of the Hindu- Arabic numeration system to write 12753. • Our numeration system
Century symbols employs place value, What is
1st Century your understanding of place
value?
Indian 9th Century
• Write down the place value of
East Arabic (11B) Century the bolded digits:
• 54 982 and 459 234
•3) Write down the total value of
Write your own five-digit number and use 3 different numeral system
(Any 3 century) to express it. Share picture. You can write on paper, scan • the bolded digits: 54 982 and
and share with us.
• 459 234
The hundred chart
• Activity 3.4 Page 35
• (1) Find a row or column where all the units
digits have a face value of 3.
• (2) Find a row or column where 9 of the tens
digits have a face value of 3.
•(3) Find the numbers where the face values of
the tens digits are the same as the units
digits. What do you notice? Draw a line through
them.
• (4) Find the numbers where the sum of the
tens digit and the units digit is 9. What do you
notice?
• (5) What do the numbers in the last column
have in common?
Vertical and horizontal algorithms
Horizontal algorithm for addition: Vertical algorithm for addition
using Dienes blocks to add Understanding “borrowing”: using Dienes blocks to
subtract
In a horizontal algorithm, you will In a vertical algorithm, you will place
break up the numbers into 100s, the numbers underneath each other
10s, etc., and place them in a row.
.
Multiplication and Division using
Dienes block
Mrs Tesfaya has 6 boxes of markers. Each
box has 19 markers in it. If she sold each
• Mrs Tesfaya learnt that R1 340 worth of tickets
marker for R2,70, how much money would
were sold at the carnival. If tickets cost 4 for
Mrs Tesfaye earn?
R10, how many tickets were sold?
Invented Invented Strategies can refer to • (2) Add on tens, then add ones
any strategy other than the (51 + 20 = 71, 71 + 7 = 78)
Strategy traditional algorithm.
Example- • (3) Move some to make tens
(50 + 28 = 78)
Four strategies for 51 + 27: • (4) Use a nice number and
compensate
(51 + 30 = 81, 30 – 3 = 27,
• (1) Add tens, add ones, then
so 81 – 3 = 78)
combine (50 + 20 = 70, 1 +
7 = 08, 70 + 08 = 78) • Use these strategies for
357 +238
Large numbers and
Rounding Off
•Activity 3.12
•Write the following numbers below:
• 234 567 890 Read the number (write
down in words).
•Ans: Two hundred and thirty-four million,
five hundred and sixty-seven thousand,
eight hundred ninety
•(2) 1 011 110 111 Read the number (write
down in words).
•(3) 70 010 001 002 Read the number
(write down in words).
•(4) Four million, five hundred and one
thousand and one
•Ans: 4 501 001
•(5) Twenty-five quadrillion, three hundred
and ten billion six hundred and twelve.
Prime Numbers The next number in the list after 2 is 3; cross out all the multiples of 3 in the list):
Sieve of Eratosthenes 2 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 1719 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
The next number not yet crossed out in the list after 3 is 5; cross out every 5th number in the list after
A prime number is a number which has only two different factors, of which 1 is one of them. 1 is not a 5 by counting from 5 in increments of 5 (i.e. all the multiples of 5):
prime number. 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 53 55 59
To find all the prime numbers between 20 and 60 proceed as follows.
First generate a list of integers from 2 to 60: The next number not yet crossed out in the list after 5 is 7; the next step would be to cross out
multiples of 7 but they are all already crossed out at this point, as these numbers (14, 21, 28) except
49.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 49 53 59
The numbers not crossed out at this point in the list are all the prime numbers below 60:
The first number in the list is 2; cross out all the multiples of 2 in the list):
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Prime numbers between 20 and 60 will be:
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59
Rules of
· A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is even: • 4 + 5 + 6 + 1 + 2 = 18 and 1 + 8 = 9 (a
multiple of 3)
• Examples: 234; 256 026
\ 45 612 is divisible by 6
divisibility · A number is divisible by 3, when you add all the
digits and the sum is a multiple of 3.
• Example: 7653 ð 7+6+5+3 = 21 and 2 + 1 = 3.
· A number is divisible by 9, when you add all
the digits and the sum is a multiple of 9.
• Example: 45 612 ð 4 + 5 + 6 + 1 + 2 = 18 and
\ 7653 is divisible by 3 18 is a multiple of 9
· A number is divisible by 4, when the last two digits A number is divisible by 11, when you add every
are divisible by 4. second digit, then add the others, and then
Examples: 34 116 ð 16 is divisible by 4 subtract the two sums. If the answer is 0 or a
multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.
· A number is divisible by 5, when the last digit is a
zero or a five. Example:
• • 1 2 3 4 2 ð Add 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
Examples: 724 475; 570
• 1 2 3 4 2 ð Then add 2 + 4 = 6
· A number is divisible by 6, when both 2 and 3 can
divide into it. • · A number is divisible by 10, when the last
• Example: 45 612 ð last digit even ð divisible by 2 digit is a zero.
• Example: 200; 348 200
Factor Tree
•Activity 3.15
• Test the following numbers for
divisibility by the given number.
You may not do the actual
division, and no calculators are
allowed.
• 345 890 for divisibility by
• 2; 3; 4 ; 5 ; 6 and 10
•(2) 246 789 by 9 and 11
•(3) 108 108 by 9; 11 and 12
• Activity
• Activity 3.17
• Thank U
