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Deflection & Rotation

The document discusses the principles of deflection and rotation in structures using energy methods, focusing on the conservation of energy between external and internal work. It explains how external loads and moments cause deformation and how internal work is calculated for axial forces and bending moments. Additionally, it introduces the principle of virtual work for determining deflections and rotations in beams, frames, and trusses.

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unwanus.saadah
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37 views13 pages

Deflection & Rotation

The document discusses the principles of deflection and rotation in structures using energy methods, focusing on the conservation of energy between external and internal work. It explains how external loads and moments cause deformation and how internal work is calculated for axial forces and bending moments. Additionally, it introduces the principle of virtual work for determining deflections and rotations in beams, frames, and trusses.

Uploaded by

unwanus.saadah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Deflection & Rotation

Energy Method
Conservation Energy Principle

External Work (Ue) = Internal Work (Ui)

L L

P
When external load P is applied, the structure
deforms Δ at the same direction as the load
In the case of material’s elastic limit is not
exceeded:
Elastic strain energy (internal work) causing the
deformed structure due to external load to
return to its undeformed state when load is
removed.
External Work
Due to Force:
When a force P undergoes a displacement dx
in the same direction as the force, the work
done is dUe=Fdx. If the displacement is x, the
x
0
work become U F = Fdx
e
L P

Δ
Δ x
P

When P is applied gradually, the structure


 1 P 2
will deform gradually with the final
 
0 0 2  x 
 0
deformation is Δ and the external work done
by P is : Ue = Fdx = (P/Δ) xdx =
External Work

External work done by P when


L structure deforms further at Δ’ due
to other force F’ :
Δ
P Δ’
Ue’ = P Δ’
F’
Total external work
done by P and F’ :
F’
Uet= ½ (P+F’) (Δ+Δ’)
P

Δ Δ’
External Work

Due to Moment:
When a moment M
undergoes a rotation dθ in
M the same direction as the
moment,

the work done is
dθ

0
Ue = Mdθ
For elastic material Ue = ½ Mθ
The work done by M when other moment M’
causing structure to further rotate at θ’ ,
Ue = Mθ’
Internal Work

Axial Force:
σ=Eε NL
Δ = AE
L ε = Δ/L
σ = N/A
Δ

Ue = Ui
Ui = ½ P Δ
N 2L
=
2 AE
Internal Work

Bending: q
P

dx dθ
x

L
Strain ε at a distance of y from
the neutral axis:
ε = (ds’-ds)/ds ; ds=dx=ρdθ; ds’=(ρ-y)dθ
ρ
ε = {(ρ-y)dθ-ρdθ}/ρdθ
dθ
ds ds’ 1/ρ = -ε/y
y dx dx ε = σ/E ; σ = -My/I
M
1/ρ = M/EI
Before deformed dθ = (M/EI) dx
Internal Work
Internal work due to external moment M :
Ue = Ui

Ui 
=
0 Mdθ
L

=
0 (M2 /2EI)dx
Principle of Work and Energy
P
Deflection at
L P?
L L
Ui = 
0 (M /2EI)dx
2
=
0 ([-
Px]2/2EI)dx
=½
Ue = P2L
P3Δ/6EI

Ue = Ui
½ PΔ = P2L3/6EI
Δ = PL3/3EI
Principle of Virtual Work
P2

P1

L L

u u dL

A A
Δ
P’=1
P3

A’virtual’load P’=1 acting on A in the same


direction as Δ causes internal load u at elements
throughout structure. Real load P1, P2 and P3 are
then applied on the structure causing structure to
deform externally Δ and internally dL. The internal
displacement dL is in the same direction as internal
load u.
Principle of Virtual Work
P2

P1

L L

u u dL

A A
Δ
P’=1
P3

How much is displacement Δ at A?


Work of external loads = work of internal
loads P’Δ = Σu dL ; 1 Δ = Σu dL

Δ = external displacement caused by the real loads

P’ = a unit of external virtual load


u = internal virtual load acting on the element at the
direction of dL
Principle of Virtual Work
In a similar manner, rotation can be determined:

1. θ = Σuθ. dL
Principle of Virtual Work
Application:
[Link] determine the deflection and
rotation of beam
[Link] determine the deflection and
rotation of frame
[Link] determine the deflection and
rotation of trusses

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