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anterior abdominal wall.pptx
The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by 4 imaginary planes for anatomical reference. The abdominal cavity contains the organs of the digestive system, and is bounded by the diaphragm superiorly, pelvic inlet inferiorly, and anterior and posterior abdominal walls. The pelvic cavity below contains the organs of the pelvis. Both cavities have layers of skin, fascia, muscles and peritoneum lining their walls and covering organs. The umbilicus marks the region between systemic and portal venous drainage and contains important embryological remnants.
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Introduction to the abdominal anatomy presented by Dr. Amaan.
The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by 4 planes, including the transpyloric and transtubular planes.
The boundaries of the abdominal and pelvic cavities are defined, including major anatomical landmarks and contents.
Description of the perineum's location and its boundaries, including content such as external genitalia.
Importance of the skin's elasticity and the anatomical significance of the umbilicus in terms of drainage and embryology.
Discussion on venous circulation around the umbilicus and congenital anomalies such as fistulae and omphalocele.
Composition of superficial fascia in the abdominal wall, including layers, nerves, and vessels distribution.
Details of arteries, veins, and lymphatic drainage of the anterior abdominal wall above and below the umbilicus.
Overview of common disorders including hernias, abdominal pain causes, masses, and distension.
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anterior abdominal wall.pptx
- 1. Introduction and overviewof the Abdominal Dr. Amaan 8th August/ Monday
- 2. NINE REGIONS OFABDOMEN
- 3. Abdomen is dividedinto 9 regions by 4 imaginary planes: 2 horizontal & 2 vertical 1. Transpyloric plane of Addison: midway between the supra sternal notch & the pubic symphysis (roughly a hands breadth below the xiphisternal joint) • Anteriorly: passes through the tip of 9th coastal cartilage • Posteriorly: lower border of body of L1 2. Transtubular plane: • Anteriorly: passes through the tubercles of iliac crest • Posteriorly: upper border of body of L5
- 4. Right and leftlateral/ Vertical lines (Midclavicular Plane): •Above: midpoint of the clavicle •Below: mid inguinal point (mid point between the ASIS – pubic symphysis)
- 7. The abdomen isthe lower part of the trunk, below the diaphragm The abdominal cavity is subdivided by the plane of the pelvic inlet into • Large upper abdominal cavity proper • Small lower pelvic cavity
- 8. Abdominal cavity boundary: Superiorly:diaphragm Inferiorly: continues with the pelvic cavity at pelvic inlet Anteriorly: anterior abdominal wall, formed by muscles Posteriorly: posterior abdominal wall, formed by lumbar vertebrae and muscles Laterally: lower ribs and parts of muscles the anterior abdominal wall
- 9. Pelvic cavity boundary: Superiorly:continuous with the abdominal cavity at the pelvic inlet Inferiorly: pelvic diaphragm Posteriorly: sacrum and coccyx Anteriorly: pubic bones Laterally: hip bones Contents: Loops of small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus, urinary bladder, urethra, prostate, vas deferns, uterus, ovaries, vagina
- 10. Perinium The perineum isan area outlined by the diamond shaped pelvic outlet. Boundaries: Anteriorly: pubic symphysis Posteriorly: coccyx Laterally: ischiopubic rami & sacrotuberous ligament Roof: pelvic diaphragm Floor: skin Content: external genitalia(penis &scrotum in male and vulva in female)& anus
- 11. SKIN AND SUPERFICIALFASCIA The Skin Capable of undergoing enormous stretching as seen in • pregnancy; • accumulation of fat, obesity • accumulation of fluid called ascites,
- 12. The Umbilicus It isthe normal scar in the anterior abdominal wall formed by the remnants of the root of the umbilical cord. L3 – L4 level Anatomical Importance 1. With reference to the lymphatic and venous drainage, the level of the umbilicus is a watershed. 2. The skin around the umbilicus is supplied by segment T10 of the spinal cord. 3. The umbilicus is one of the important sites at which tributaries of the portal vein anastomose with systemic veins (portocaval anastomoses).
- 13. The subcutaneous venouscirculation in: (a) Normal subjects, (b) portal obstruction showing caput medusae, (c) superior vena caval obstruction, and (d) inferior vena caval obstruction (arrows indicate the direction of blood flow)
- 14. Embryological Importance 1. Umbilicusis the meeting point of 4 folds of embryonic plate. 2. This is also the meeting point of three systems • digestive (vitellointestinal duct), • excretory (urachus), and • vascular (umbilical vessels).
- 15. Congenital anomalies: Of umbilicusare fistulae and exomphalos (omphalocele) a) Fecal fistula: failure of vitello intestinal duct to obliterate b) Urinary fistula: failure to uracus to obliterate c) Omphalocele: failure of midgut loop to return in the abdominal cavity
- 16. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA 1. Belowthe level of the umbilicus, the superficial fascia of the anterior abdominal wall is divided into: a. Superficial fatty layer (fascia of Camper) and b. Deep membranous layer (fascia of Scarpa) • The fatty layer is continuous with the superficial fascia of the adjoining part of the body. • The membranous layer is continuous below with a similar membranous layer of superficial fascia of the perineum known as Colles’ fascia.
- 17. 2. In themedian plane, the membranous layer is thickened to form the suspensory ligament and fundiform ligament of the penis or clitoris. 3. The fascia contains: a. Variable quantity of fat b. Cutaneous nerves. c. Cutaneous vessels. d. Superficial lymphatics. Cutaneous Nerves The skin of the anterior abdominal wall is supplied by • The lower six thoracic nerves (lower five intercostal and subcostal) and by the first lumbar nerve.
- 18. The cutaneous nervesof the anterior abdominal wall
- 19. Cutaneous Arteries 1. Anteriorcutaneous arteries 2. Lateral cutaneous arteries 3. Superficial inguinal arteries supply the skin of the lower part of the abdomen. These are: • Superficial epigastric artery • Superficial external pudendal artery • Superficial circumflex iliac artery Cutaneous Veins The veins accompany the arteries. The superficial inguinal veins drain into the great saphenous vein.
- 20. Arteries of theanterior abdominal wall
- 21. Superficial Lymphatics Above thelevel of the umbilicus the lymphatics run upwards to drain into the axillary lymph nodes. Below the level of the umbilicus they run downwards to drain into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
- 22. Superficial lymphatics ofthe anterior abdominal wall
- 23. Disorders of theabdomen: 1. Hernia: it is the protrusion of an organ through the wall (inguinal hernia, femoral) 2. Abdominal pain • Upper abdominal pain: due to involvement of gall bladder, stomach, duodenum & pancreas • Central: due to involvement of small bowel & kidneys • Lower: urinary bladder, uterus, cecum & sigmoid colon 3. Abdominal mass: hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, carcinoma of stomach, accumulation of feces in bowel
- 24. 4. Abdominal distension:six common causes i. Fetus ii. Flatus iii. Feces iv. Fat v. Fluid (ascites) vi. Fibroids