Intro to programming and intro to java netbean.pdf

The composition of sequences of instructions
What is Programming?
The process of preparing an instructional program for device
Programming is a technological process that tells a computer which
tasks to perform to solve problems.

Programming is important because it enables us to create software, websites,
mobile apps, games, and many other digital products that we use in our daily
lives. It allows us to automate tasks, solve complex problems, and create
innovative solutions that improve our lives and businesses. In today's digital
age, programming skills are in high demand and are essential for success in
many industries, from tech to finance to healthcare. By learning to code, we
can open up a world of opportunities and take advantage of the many benefits
that technology has to offer.

back to the early 19th century when mathematician Ada Lovelace
created an algorithm for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, which is
considered the first computer. However, the first actual programming
language was developed in the 1950s, called FORTRAN (Formula
Translation). This language was used for scientific and engineering
calculations.
History of Programming
In the 1960s, programming languages such as COBOL (Common
Business-Oriented Language), BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code), and ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) were developed.
These languages were used to write applications for business and
research.

In the 1960s, programming languages such as COBOL (Common
Business-Oriented Language), BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code), and ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) were developed.
These languages were used to write applications for business and
research.
The 1970s saw the development of languages such as C and Pascal,
which were used to write operating systems and applications. In the
1980s, the first object-oriented language, Smalltalk, was created. This
language allowed developers to create reusable code and was used for
graphical user interfaces.

The 1990s saw the development of scripting languages such as Perl
and Python, which were used for web development. In the early
2000s, languages such as Ruby and PHP became popular for web
development. Today, programming languages such as Java, C++,
Python, and JavaScript are widely used for various applications.

Programming requires logical thinking and the ability to break down
complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts.
Programmers use logic to develop algorithms, which are step-by-step
procedures for solving problems. These algorithms must be logical
and accurate, with each step leading logically to the next.
In programming, logical operators and conditional statements are
used to control the flow of a program. Logical operators such as AND,
OR, and NOT are used to evaluate logical expressions and make
decisions based on the results. Conditional statements such as IF,
ELSE, and SWITCH are used to execute different parts of a program
based on specific conditions.

Thus, logic is a critical component of
programming. Without it, programs would not
work correctly or produce the desired results.
By developing strong logical thinking skills,
programmers can write efficient and effective
code that solves complex problems and meets
the needs of users.

Types of Programming Languages

Programming languages can be broadly classified
into three categories:
Low-Level Languages: These languages are closer to the machine language
and are used to write operating systems, device drivers, and firmware.
Examples include Assembly Language, C, and C++.
1.
High-Level Languages: These languages are easier to learn and use than
low-level languages. They are used to write applications, games, and
websites. Examples include Java, Python, Php, and Ruby.
2.
Scripting Languages: These languages are used to automate repetitive
tasks, such as web development and system administration. Examples
include Perl, Python, and Ruby.
3.

Machine Language: Machine language is
the lowest-level programming language
that a computer can understand. It is a
binary code consisting of 0's and 1's that
correspond to machine instructions. Each
computer architecture has its specific
machine language, which is difficult to
read and write.
Low Level Programming Language

Assembly Language: Assembly
language is a low-level programming
language that is easier to read and
write than machine language.
Assembly language uses mnemonics
to represent machine instructions,
making it more human-readable.
Assembly language programs are
translated into machine language by
an assembler.

C: C is a high-level programming
language that can also be considered a
low-level language due to its low-level
memory access and pointer
manipulation capabilities. C provides
direct access to hardware, making it an
ideal choice for systems programming
and embedded systems development.

FORTRAN: FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
is a high-level programming language that
was designed for scientific and engineering
applications. FORTRAN provides low-level
control over hardware, allowing for efficient
computation and numerical analysis.

High Level Programming Language
Java: Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming
language developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned
by Oracle Corporation). Java is designed to be platform-
independent, meaning that Java code can run on any
computer with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
Java is widely used for developing web applications,
mobile apps, and enterprise software.

Python: Python is a high-level, interpreted programming
language that emphasizes code readability and
simplicity. Python is widely used for scientific
computing, data analysis, web development, and
artificial intelligence.

C++: C++ is an extension of the C programming language
that adds support for object-oriented programming. C++
is widely used for developing high-performance
software, including operating systems, games, and
scientific simulations.

JavaScript: JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted
programming language that is widely used for
developing web applications. JavaScript runs in web
browsers and provides interactivity and dynamic
behavior to web pages.

Ruby: Ruby is a high-level, interpreted programming
language that emphasizes simplicity and productivity.
Ruby is widely used for web development, automation,
and scripting.

Swift: Swift is a high-level, compiled programming
language developed by Apple Inc. Swift is designed for
developing applications for iOS, macOS, and watchOS.
Swift is known for its safety, speed, and expressiveness.

PHP: PHP is a server-side, interpreted programming
language that is widely used for developing web
applications. PHP is known for its simplicity and ease of
use, making it a popular choice for web developers.

SQL: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-
specific language used for managing relational
databases. SQL is used to create, modify, and query
databases, and is widely used in business and data
analysis.

COMPUTER HARDWARE
HIGH LEVEL
LOW LEVEL
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROCEDURAL
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
MACHINE LANGUAGE

Intro to programming and intro to java netbean.pdf

OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
(OOP)

computer programming model
that organizes software design
around data, or objects, rather
than functions and logic. An
object can be defined as a data
field that has unique attributes
and behavior.

Procedural programming is about writing procedures or methods that
perform operations on the data, while object-oriented programming is
about creating objects that contain both data and methods.
Object-oriented programming has several advantages over
procedural programming:
OOP is faster and easier to execute
OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
OOP helps to keep the Java code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself",
and makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug
OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with
less code and shorter development time

What is the structure of object-oriented programming?
Classes are user-defined data types that
act as the blueprint for individual objects,
attributes and methods.

Objects are instances of a class created
with specifically defined data. Objects can
correspond to real-world objects or an
abstract entity. When class is defined
initially, the description is the only object
that is defined.

Methods are functions that objects can
perform. They are defined inside a class
that describe the behaviors of an object.
Each method contained in class definitions
starts with a reference to an instance
object. Additionally, the subroutines
contained in an object are called instance
methods. Programmers use methods for
reusability or keeping functionality
encapsulated inside one object at a time.

Attributes represent the state of an object.
In other words, they are the characteristics
that distinguish classes. Objects have data
stored in the attributes field. Class
attributes belong to the class itself and are
defined in the class template.

The main principles of OOP
The encapsulation principle states that all important information is
contained inside an object and only select information is exposed. The
implementation and state of each object are privately held inside a defined
class. Other objects do not have access to this class or the authority to
make changes. They are only able to call a list of public functions or
methods. This characteristic of data hiding provides greater program
security and avoids unintended data corruption.
Encapsuation

Objects only reveal internal mechanisms that are relevant for the use of
other objects, hiding any unnecessary implementation code. The derived
class can have its functionality extended. This concept can help developers
more easily make additional changes or additions over time.
Abstraction

Classes can reuse code and properties from other classes. Relationships
and subclasses between objects can be assigned, enabling developers to
reuse common logic, while still maintaining a unique hierarchy. Inheritance
forces more thorough data analysis, reduces development time and
ensures a higher level of accuracy.
Inheritance

Objects are designed to share behaviors, and they can take on more than
one form. The program determines which meaning or usage is necessary for
each execution of that object from a parent class, reducing the need to
duplicate code. A child class is then created, which extends the
functionality of the parent class. Polymorphism enables different types of
objects to pass through the same interface
Polymorphism

Download and Install
Apache Netbeans IDE
netbeans.apache.org/front/main/download/
www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/?er=221886
Java Development Kit

Every line of code that runs in Java must be inside a class. In our
example, we named the class Main. A class should always start
with an uppercase first letter.
Note: Java is case-sensitive: "MyClass" and "myclass"
has different meaning.
System.out.println()
println() method to print a line of text to the screen:
Java Syntax
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}

Java Variables
String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by
double quotes
int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123
or -123
float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99
or -19.99
char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are
surrounded by single quotes
boolean - stores values with two states: true or false

OPERATOR NAME DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
+ Addition Adds together two values x + y
- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x - y
* Multiplication Multiplies two values x * y
/ Division Divides one value by another x / y
% Modulus Returns the division remainder x % y
Arithmetic Operations
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ARE USED TO PERFORM COMMON MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS.

Java supports the usual logical conditions from
mathematics:
Less than: a < b
Less than or equal to: a <= b
Greater than: a > b
Greater than or equal to: a >= b
Equal to a == b
Not Equal to: a != b
Conditional Statements:
Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified
condition is true
Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same
condition is false
Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first
condition is false
Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be
executed
Conditions
and
If Statements
if (condition) {
//block of code to be executed if
condition is true
}

Write a Java program to divide two numbers and print them on the screen.
Test Data :
50/3
Expected Output :
16
Write a Java program to print the results of the following operations.
Test Data:
a. -5 + 8 * 6
b. (55+9) % 9
c. 20 + -3*5 / 8
d. 5 + 15 / 3 * 2 - 8 % 3
Expected Output :
43
1
19
13
Write a Java program to print the sum of two numbers.
Test Data:
74 + 36
Expected Output :
110
Excercises

Write a Java program that takes two numbers as input and displays the product of two
numbers.
Test Data:
Input first number: 25
Input second number: 5
Expected Output :
25 x 5 = 125
Write a Java program to print the sum (addition), multiply, subtract, divide and
remainder of two numbers.
Test Data:
Input first number: 125
Input second number: 24
Expected Output :
125 + 24 = 149
125 - 24 = 101
125 x 24 = 3000
125 / 24 = 5
125 mod 24 = 5
Excercises

Write a Java program that compute the average of 3 number
Test Data :
80, 81, and 90
Expected Output :
The average of 80, 81, and 90 is 83.66
Write a Java program to print the results of Fahrenheit convert to celsius
Test Data:
120
Expected Output :
48.88
use this formula: (°F − 32) × 5/9 = °C
Write a Java program to print the area of rectangle
Test Data:
Lenght = 40 and Width = 70
Expected Output :
The area of L:40 and W:70 is 2800
Excercises

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