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Lets say you want to have a mutex for every item in a list with 10k elements. It feels a bit wasteful to use a std::mutex for each of those elements. In Linux std::mutex is 40 bytes, in Windows it’s 80 bytes. But mutexes don’t need to be that big. You can fit a mutex into two bits, and it’s going to be fast. So we could fit a mutex into the low bits of a pointer. If your container already stores p

Using TLA+ in the Real World to Understand a Glibc Bug by Malte Skarupke TLA+ is a formal specification language that you can use to verify programs. It’s different from other formal verification systems in that it’s very pragmatic. Instead of writing proofs, it works using the simple method of running all possible executions of a program. You can write assertions and if they’re not true for any p

Fibonacci Hashing: The Optimization that the World Forgot (or: a Better Alternative to Integer Modulo) by Malte Skarupke I recently posted a blog post about a new hash table, and whenever I do something like that, I learn at least one new thing from my comments. In my last comment section Rich Geldreich talks about his hash table which uses “Fibonacci Hashing”, which I hadn’t heard of before. I ha

I had to get there eventually. I had a blog post called “I Wrote a Fast Hashtable” and another blog post called “I Wrote a Faster Hashtable.” Now I finally wrote the fastest hashtable. And by that I mean that I have the fastest lookups of any hashtable I could find, while my inserts and erases are also really fast. (but not the fastest) The trick is to use Robin Hood hashing with an upper limit on

So in this case there were nine elements in total. The number 1 showed up twice, the number 2 showed up once, the number 4 showed up five times and the number 5 showed up once. So maybe the input sequence was { 4, 4, 2, 4, 1, 1, 4, 5, 4 }. The final loop now goes over the initial array again and uses the key to look up into the prefix sum array. And lo and behold, that array tells us the final pos

Neural Networks Are Impressively Good At Compression by Malte Skarupke I’m trying to get into neural networks. There have been a couple big breakthroughs in the field in recent years and suddenly my side project of messing around with programming languages seemed short sighted. It almost seems like we’ll have real AI soon and I want to be working on that. While making my first couple steps into th