Sunday, June 26, 2011
CHAPTER 7
The circuit in Fig. (a) is equivalent to the one shown in Fig. (b).
P.P.7.1
io
+
+
12
vo
1/3 F
vx
+
R eq
vc
(a)
(b)
R eq 8 12 || 6 12
R eq C (12)(1 / 3) 4 s
vc vc (0) e -t 60 e -t 4 60e0.25t V
vx
4
v 20e0.25t V
48 c
v x vo vc
io
P.P.7.2
vo v x vc -40 e -0.25t V
vo
5e0.25t A.
8
When t < 0, the switch is closed as shown in Fig. (a).
6
+
24 V
v c (0)
12
(a)
R eq 4 || 12 3
v c (0)
3
(24) 8 V
3 6
1/3 F
When t > 0, the switch is open as shown in Fig. (b).
6
24 V
t=0
1/6 F
(b)
R eq C (3)(1 / 6) 1 / 2 s
v( t ) v c (0) e - t 8 e-2t V
w c (0)
1 2
1 1
Cv c (0) 64 5.333J
2
2 6
P.P.7.3
This can be solved in two ways.
Method 1:
Find R th at the inductor terminals by inserting a voltage source.
1
io
+
vo = 1 V
vx
i1
i2
+
2v x
Applying mesh analysis gives
Loop 1:
1 3i1 2i 2 2 v x 0 ,
5i1 2i 2 1
Loop 2:
8i 2 2i1 2 v x 0 = 8i 2 2i 1 2i 1
1
i 2 i1
2
From (1) and (2), 5i 1 1i 1 = 1 or
i o i1 = (1/4) A
where v x 1i1
(1)
(2)
R th
vo
4 ,
io
L 2 1
s
R 4 2
i(t ) 12e-2t A
Method 2:
We can obtain i using mesh analysis.
1
i
2H
vx
i1
i2
+
2v x
Applying KVL to the loops, we obtain
di
Loop 1:
2 1 3i1 2i 2 2 v x 0
dt
di
2 1 5i1 2i 2 0
dt
Loop 2:
8i 2 2i1 2 v x 0
1
i 2 i1
2
Substituting (4) into (3) yields
di
2 1 5i1 1i1 0
dt
di1
or
2 i1 0
dt
i1 Ae-2 t
i - i1 Be-2 t
i (0) 12 B
i(t ) 12e-2t A
Therefore,
i( t ) 12e2t A
and
v x ( t ) -1i(t) 12e2t V for all t > 0.
where v x 1i1
(3)
(4)
For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
P.P.7.4
12
i(t)
24
12
15A
8
2H
(a)
(b)
i(0) 15[1 /{(1 / 24) (1 / 12) (1 / 8)}] / 12 (15 x 24 / 6) / 12 5 A
For t > 0, the current source and 24-ohm is cut off and the RL circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
L
2
0.5
R eq (12 8) || 5 20 || 5 4 ,
R eq 4
2t
2t
i(t) = i(0)e = 5e amps, for all t > 0.
P.P.7.5
For t < 0, the switch is closed. The inductor acts like a short so the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
3
i
i
io
1H
io
4
24 A
(a)
4
(24) 16 A ,
42
2
(b)
i o 24 16 8 A ,
v o 2i 32 V
For t > 0, the current source is cut off so that the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
The Thevenin equivalent resistance at the inductor terminals is
L
1
R th (4 2) || 3 2 ,
R th 2
3 (-i) - 1
io
i 5.333e -2t A
and
v o -2i o 10.667 e -2t V
63 3
Thus,
t0
16 A
- 2t
16 e A t 0
8A
t0
io
- 2t
5.333e A t 0
t0
32 V
vo
2t
10.667e V t 0
0
t0
i( t ) 10 0 t 2
- 10 2 t 4
P.P.7.6
i(t ) 10 u(t ) u(t 2) 10 u(t 2) u(t 4)
i( t ) 10 u(t ) 2 u(t 2) u(t 4) A
Let I
For t < 0,
i dt .
I 0.
For 0 < t < 2, I 0 10 dt 10t
t
For 2 < t < 4, I 010 dt 10 2 dt 20 10 t
2
For t > 4,
I 20 10 t
4
2
t
2
40 10 t
Thus,
0
t0
10t
0t2
I
40 10t 2 t 4
0
t4
or
I 10 r(t ) 2r(t 2) r(t 4) A
which is sketched below
i dt
20
P.P.7.7
2 2t 0 t 2
i( t ) - 6 2t 2 t 3
0
otherwise
i( t ) ( 2 2 t ) u ( t ) u ( t 2) (-6 2t) u(t - 2) - u(t - 3)
i( t ) 2 u ( t ) 2 t u ( t ) 4( t 2) u ( t 2) 2( t 3) u ( t 3)
i( t ) [2 u( t ) 2 r ( t ) 4 r ( t 2) 2 r ( t 3)] A
Remember the singularity function, r(t), is a ramp function equal to t for all values of t >
0 and equal to zero for all values of t < 0.
P.P.7.8
h(t) = 4[u(t) u(t2)] + (3t8)[u(t2) u(t6)]
h(t) = 4u(t) + 4u(t2) +3tu(t2) 8u(t2) 3tu(t6) + 8u(t6)
h(t) = 4u(t) + (48+6)u(t2) +3(t2)u(t2) 3(t6)u(t6)
+ (18+8)u(t6)
h(t) = 4u(t) + 2u(t2) + 3(t2)u(t2) 3(t6)u(t6) 10u(t6)
h(t) = 4u(t) +2u(t2) + 3r(t2) 10u(t6) 3r(t6).
P.P.7.9
(a)
(b)
10
5t 2 10 ( t 3) dt t 3 5t 2 10 t -3
-27 45 10 28
( t ) cos(3t ) dt cos(3) 1
P.P.7.10
For t < 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.
v(0 ) v(0 ) v(0) 15
For t > 0,
[(v()15)/2] + [(v()(7.5))/6] = 0 or (4/6)v() = 7.51.25 = 6.25 or
v() = 9.375 V
R th 2 || 6
3
,
2
R th C
3 1 1
2 3 2
v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t = 9.375 + (159.375)e2t
v(t) = (9.375 + 5.625e2t) V for all t > 0
At t = 0.5,
v(0.5) = 6.25 + 3.75e1 = 6.25 + 1.3795 = 7.63 V
P.P.7.11
For t < 0, only the left portion of the circuit is operational at steady state.
v(0 ) v(0 ) v(0) 20 ,
i(0) 0
For t > 0, 20u (-t) 0 so that the voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.
Transforming the current source leads to the circuit below.
10
10
i
+
0.2 F
30 V
5
(30) 10
15
10
R th 5 || 10
,
3
v()
R th C
10
2
0.2
3
3
v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t
v(t ) 10 (20 10) e -3t 2
v(t ) 10 1 e -1.5t
i( t )
- v( t )
-2 1 e -1.5 t
5
0
i( t )
- 2 1 e -1.5t A
20 V
v( t )
10 1 e - 1.5t V
P.P.7.12
t0
t0
t0
t0
Applying source transformation, the circuit is equivalent to the one below.
1.5 H
t=0
10
60 V
At t < 0, the switch is closed so that the 5 ohm resistor is short circuited.
60
i(0 ) i(0)
6A
10
For t > 0, the switch is open.
R th 10 5 15 ,
i()
L
1 .5
0 .1
R th 15
60
4A
10 5
i(t ) i() i(0) i() e - t
i(t ) 4 (6 4) e-10t
i(t) = (4 + 2e10t) A for all t > 0
P.P.7.13
For 0 < t < 2, the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below.
10
20
i(t)
6A
15
5H
Since switch S1 is open at t 0 , i(0 ) 0 . Also, since i cannot jump, i(0) i(0 ) 0 .
90
i()
2A
15 10 20
L
5 1
R th 45 ,
R th 45 9
i(t ) i() i(0) i() e - t
i(t ) 2 (0 2) e -9t
i(t ) 2 (1 e -9t ) A
When switch S 2 is closed, the 20 ohm resistor is short-circuited.
i(2 ) i(2 ) 2 (1 e -18 ) 2
This will be the initial current
90
i()
3.6 A
15 10
5 1
R th 25 ,
25 5
i(t ) i() i(2 ) i() e -(t 2)
i(t ) 3.6 (2 3.6) e -5(t 2)
i(t ) 3.6 1.6 e -5(t 2)
0
t0
Thus, i( t ) 2 (1 e -9 t ) A
0t2
3.6 1.6 e -5( t 2 ) A
t2
At t 3 ,
i(1) 2 (1 e -9 ) 1.9997 A
i(3) 3.6 1.6 e -5 3.589 A
P.P.7.14
The op amp circuit is shown below.
At t 1 ,
C
+
Rf
1
2
R1
+
vo
Since nodes 1 and 2 must be at the same potential, there is no potential difference across
R 1 . Hence, no current flows through R 1 . Applying KCL at node 1,
dv
dv
v
v
C
0
0
Rf
dt
dt CR f
which is similar to Eq. (7.4).
Hence,
v( t ) v o e - t , R f C
v(0) v o 4 ,
(50 103 )(10 10-6 ) 0.5
v(t ) 4 e -2t V, t 0
Alternatively, since no current flows through R 1 , the feedback loop forms a first order
RC circuit with v(0) 4 and R f C 0.5 . Hence,
v(t ) 4 e -2t V, t 0
To get to v o from v, we notice that v is the potential difference between node 1 and the
output terminal, i.e.
0 vo v
v o - v or v o ( t ) - 4 e -2t V, t 0
P.P.7.15
Let v1 be the potential at the inverting terminal.
v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t
where RC 100 10 3 10 -6 0.1 ,
v(0) 0
v1 0 for all t
v1 v o v
(1)
For t > 0, the switch is closed and the op amp circuit is an inverting amplifier with
- 100
v o ()
(4 mV) -40 mV
10
From (1),
v() 0 v o () 40 mV
v( t ) 40(1 e10t)u(t) mV
Thus,
v o v1 v -v
v o 40(e10t 1)u(t) mV
This is a noninverting amplifier so that the output of the op amp is
R
v a 1 f v i
R1
P.P.7.16
R
40
v th v a 1 f v i 1 4.5 u ( t ) 13.5 u ( t )
20
R1
To get R th , consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a), where R o is the output resistance of
the op amp. For an ideal op amp, R o 0 so that
R th R 3 10 k
R3
Ro
R th
R th
R2
(a)
R th C 10 10 3 2 10 -6
V th
C
(b)
1
50
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b), which is a first order circuit.
Hence,
v o ( t ) 13.5 1 e - t u ( t )
v o (t ) 13.5(1 e50t)u(t) V
P.P.7.17
The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). Construct and save the schematic.
Select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final Time to 5 s. Set the Print Step
slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is simulated by selecting Analysis/
Simulate. In the Probe menu, select Trace/Add and display V(R2:2) as shown in Fig. (b).
(a)
(b)
P.P.7.18
The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). While constructing the circuit, rotate
L1 counterclockwise through 270 so that current i(t) enters pin 1 of L1 and set IC = 10
for L1. After saving the schematic, select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final
Time to 1 s. Set the Print Step slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is
simulated by selecting Analysis/ Simulate. After simulating the circuit, select Trace/Add
in the Probe menu and display I(L1) as shown in Fig. (b).
(a)
(b)
P.P.7.19
v(0) 0 . When the switch is closed, we have the circuit shown below.
10 k
+
80 F
9V
b
We find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b.
10 (R 4)
R th (R 4) || 10
R 14
v th v()
R4
(9)
R 14
v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t ,
v(t ) v() 1 e
-t
R th C
Since v(0) 0 ,
v( t )
9
1 e -t mA
i( t )
R4 R4
Assuming R is in k,
9
1 e -t 0 10 -3
R 14
R 14
(0.12)
1 e -t 0
9
0.12R 1.68 7.32 0.12R
e -t 0 1
9
9
120 10 -6
or
t 0 ln
7.32 0.12R
10 (R 4)
t0
80 10 -6 ln
7.32 0.12R
R 14
When R = 0,
9
40 80 10 -6
0.04723 s
t0
ln
7.32
14
4 k
When R = 6 k,
100
9
t0
80 10 - 6 ln
0.124 s
20
6 .6
The time delay is between 47.23 ms and 124 ms.
P.P.7.20
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
q = CV = (2x103)(80) = 160 mC.
1
1
W CV 2 (2 10 -3 )(6400) 6.4 J
2
2
q
0.16
I
200 A
t 0.8 10 -3
w
6 .4
p
8 kW
0.8 10 -3
t
q
0.16
t
32 s
I 5 10 -3
L 500 10 -3
P.P.7.21
2.5 ms
R
200
110
i()
550 mA
i(0) 0 ,
200
i(t ) 550 1 e - t mA
350 mA i( t 0 ) 550 1 e - t 0 mA
35
20
1 e -t 0
e -t 0
55
55
e t0
55
20
55
55
t 0 ln 2.5 ln ms
20
20
t 0 2.529 ms
P.P.7.22
(a)
(b)
(c)
5L 5 20 10 -3
20 ms
R
5
2
12
1 2 1
-3
W LI 20 10 57.6 mJ
5
2
2
12 5
di
24 kV
V L 20 10 -3
2 10 -6
dt
t 5
