Training report
submission
to
ICDEOL HP UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED BY:
DEEPIKA
ROLL NO-6141
3rd sem (ICDEOL)
Acknowledgement
I express my sincere thanks to all seniors and colleagues
working in my department (water conductor system) at SJVN
ltd. Shimla.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0
Introduction
2.0
Steps of project
3.0
Head Race Tunnel
3.1
Classification
3.2
Planning and investigation
3.3
Type of section
3.4
Economic Diameter study
3.5
Trash rack losses
4.0
Method of tunneling
5.0
Steps involved in tunneling
6.0
Tunnel lining
7.0
Design Load
8.0
Excavation
9.0
Equipments
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO RAMPUR HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECT:
Rampur hydroelectric project (412KW) is located
downstream of Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric project. Both the
projects will work in tandem i.e. Rampur project intends to
use the desilted water discharge be upstream project.
Hence, there is no need for construction of a dam or a
desilting chamber saving the cost and avoiding impact on
local environment.
1.1 SALIENT FEATURES:
Intake structure is constructed at the outfall of tail race
tunnel from power house at Jhakri. 15.177 Km. long,
10.50 finished diameter circular concrete line Head
Race tunnel.
The surge shaft is 165m high and of 38 m diameter.
A butterfly valve house, housing 3 butterfly valves each
of 4.9 m diameter.
3 steel lined penstocks of diameter 5.4 bifurcating into
2 branch tunnels of 3.8m diameter each to feed 6
generating units.
Surface power house of size 158mX34.50mX48m, 6
Francis turbine units, each generating 68.67MW
utilizing a net head of 120m and a discharge of 383.88
cumecs.
54m long, 10.50 m diameter open channel Tail Race
Tunnel.
2.0 STEPS OF A PROJECT
Survey and investigation
Pre-feasibility report (PFR)
Detailed project report (DPR)
Tendering
Work execution
2.1 TYPES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC SCHEMES
Hydro-electric schemes have an advantage over other
methods of power generation as there is power flexibility.
When no electricity is required the generation can be
stopped. However in other cases like that of thermal power
generation the time lag between shutting down the
generation and cooling of the system that actually brings the
process of generation to a stop is considerable.
STORAGE SCHEMES:
The projects which have dams quite big in size
impounding the huge amount of water in the reservoir
behind are called storage schemes. Storage schemes
are good for places where the gradient is gentle
downhill. In such a case the head of water will not be
sufficient to generate required amount of electricity if
we dont provide dams bigger in height. The discharge
is varied as per will. The limitations of this type of
scheme are that greater portions of land are submerged
under water due to which not only the ecology suffers
but it also gives rise to rehabilitation issues. In addition
to this huge initial investment is needed for such
projects and the gestation period i.e. it takes a lot of
time for a reservoir to fill up.
RUN-OFF SCHEMES
The dams are not as big as those constructed in the
case of storage schemes. Hence the rivers natural
regime isnt disturbed. The discharge varies as per the
season, hence only that much water can be utilized for
conversion as available in the river. 15% of the water is
6
released downstream as it has been mandated by the
law for the maintenance of the ecology.
2.2 TYPES OF DAMS
Gravity dam
Earth rock-fill dam
Arch or buttress dam
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
MINIMUM DRAWDOWN LEVEL (MDDL): its the level
below which the water isnt drawn from the reservoir.
Hence it marks the upper limit of dead storage and the
lower limit for the live storage.
FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL (FRL): The maximum water
level that isnt exceeded under normal conditions. Its
the upper level for the live storage.
SURCHARGE RESERVOIR LEVEL (SRL): its the
maximum water level that can be accommodated by
the reservoir in emergency situations such as that in
case of floods. This level in no case shall be exceeded.
FREE BOARD: It is the difference between the SRL and
the topmost point of the reservoir.
WEIR AND BARRAGE: Both of these are diversion
structures composed of gate and embankment portion.
The portion of gate portion is lesser than the
embankment portion in case of a barrage while for a
weir the gate portion is more than the embankment
portion.
7
TANDEM OPERATION: projects work in tandem
operation when they share the same reservoir to store
water to generate electricity, e.g. Rampur hydroelectric projects utilizes the tail race desilted discharge
of the upstream Nathpa-Jhakri project to generate
electricity. It saves the cost of construction of two
reservoirs and desilting chamber for the downstream
project. The electricity generated varies due to
variations in either the head or the discharge.
CAPTIVE POWER: It is the power needed to start a
project.
CAPACITY: It refers to the power generated when all
the power units function for a period of one hour.
POWER CALCULATION
The following is the power calculation for Nathpa-Jhakri
project:
Gross head= full reservoir level tail race outfall=
1495.5- 1005.3= 490.2m
Net head available for power generation= gross headlosses= 490.2-48= 442.2m
Power generated, P=9.81**H*Q
Where,
= overall efficiency of turbine and
generator= 0.939
H= Net head= 442.2m
Q=discharge= 383.88m3/s
Hence, P=
9.81*0.939*442.2*383.88/1000=1563.683MW which is
more than 1500 MW
3.0 Head Race Tunnel: In Rampur hydroelectric project, the head race
tunnel is introduced to carry the water from tail race outfall
of NJHEP to surge shaft of RHEP having length 15.177Km
long including HRT on left bank and the river crossing. The
diameter of Tail race tunnel of NJHEP was 10.15m. To
minimize the head loss and maximize the generation the
diameter of HRT of RHEP has been kept 10.50m.
Tunnel: - Tunnels can be defined as underground passages
made without removing the overlying rock or soil.
3.1 Classification: -tunnels may be classified according to
their purpose, shape and supporting arrangements.
Depending upon their purpose: Conveyance tunnels: Hydroelectric power station tunnels.
Water supply tunnels
Sewer tunnels
Transportation tunnels in industrial plants.
Depending on their shape, tunnels may be classified
as: D-shaped
Horse-shoe shaped
Circular shaped
Elliptical shaped
9
Square or rectangular shaped
The selection of the tunnel cross section is influenced by:
Geological condition
The method of driving the tunnels
The material and strength of tunnel lining.
The clearance specified in view of the vehicles and
material transported in the tunnel.
3.2 Planning and investigation: The planning and investigation of hydraulics include the
selection of alignment and the geological competence along
the alignment selected. While selecting the alignment the
following points should be considered.
It should be the shortest possible: - This would
ensure minimum losses and shall be economically
cheapest.
It should be straight as far possible: - Introduction
of bends in the alignment shall involve losses at all
such bends and the cost of tunneling would also
increase.
It should be easily accessible: - An easy access near
the entrance and exit to the tunnel becomes essential
for the construction facility.
Careful selection of entry and exit location with
minimum length and depth of approach cutting and no
weathered, loose fractured layer slope toward the
portals.
10
However, it is not always possible to follow a straight
alignment because of ground or rock water load and
topography as such there is no sufficient vertical or
horizontal cover, as required H:2H.
Investigation:The investigation for selecting the route or alignment of
tunnels are done by the means of sensitive drilling and by
making drifts and test tunnels to obtain as much information
as possible of geological conditions prevailing at the site.
The most important phase of the of preliminary work in
tunneling is the careful explorations which should be
extended to determine: The top cover
Quality of subsurface rock,
Surface drainage condition,
Position, type and volume of water
The physical properties and resistance to tunneling
offered by the rock encountered.
After final alignment of the tunnel has been chosen by caring
out details planning and investigations, the next step is to
choose an appropriate geometric section of tunnel. The
geometrical sections for hydraulic tunnels are: 3.3Type of sections:
Circular section,
D-shaped section,
Horse shoe section
11
Modified horse shoe section
Circulator section:- the circular section is most suitable
from structural consideration. However it is difficult for
excavation, partially where the cross-sectional area is
[Link] a case where tunnel is subjected to high internal
pressure but does not have good quality of rock or
adequate rock cover around it, circular cross-section is
considered to be most suitable.
D-shaped section : - this section is found to be suitable
in tunnels located in a good quality, intact sedimentary
rocks and massive external igneous, hard, compacted,
metamorphic rocks where the external pressure due to
rock water are not very large.
Horse shoe section: - the horse shoe sections are a
compromise between circular and D- shaped sections.
These sections are structurally strong to withstand
external rock and water pressure. Where the moderately
good rock is available and the tunnel resists the internal
pressure also, these sections are found to be more stable.
A cross-section of the tunnel depends upon following
factors Geological conditions, prevailing along the
alignment, hydraulic requirements, structural conditions
and functional requirements.
12
3.4 Economic diameter study:after finalizing the
alignment and geometric shape of the tunnel, the next
step is to work out the economic diameter of the tunnel.
The following factors to should be considered while
working out the economic diameter of the tunnel: Velocity requirement
Head loss in tunnel
Interest on capital cost of tunnel
Annual maintenance charges
Whether lined or unlined
Cost of gates and their hoists
The losses in Hydraulic tunnels: Friction loss
Trash rack loss
Entrance loss
Transition loss
Bend and junction loss
Gate loss
Exit loss
13
Friction losses:- for tunnels full friction may be
calculated either by using manning formula or
Darcey Waisbach foamula.
Mannings formula: Hf=V2N2L/R2/3
Hf= Head loss due to friction in m
V= velocity of water in the tunnel in m/s
L=length of tunnel in m
R= hydraulic radius
N= Rugosity coefficient
For concrete lined tunnels the value of rugositycoefficient N varies from 0.12 or 0.18 and for unlined
tunnel the value of N depends upon nature of the
rock and the quality of trimming.
Darcy- waisbach formula:-
Hf= fLV2 / (D X 2g)
Hf= head loss due to friction in m
f= friction coefficient
L=length of the tunnel in m
D=diameter of tunnel in m
V= velocity of water in the tunnel in m/s
14
g=gravity due to gravity in m/sec2
3.5Trash rack losses: Tunnel openings are provided with the
trash racks at the intake to prevent the entry of floating
debris into the tunnels. Where the maximum lose values
are desired, it is usual to assume 50% of the rack area as
clogged
This would result in twice the velocity through the trash
rack.
Hf=KtV2/2g
Ht=trash rack head loss
Kt= loss coefficient of trash rack
V=velocity of water in net area
G= gravity
a)Entrance loss:To minimize the head losses and to avoid zones
where cavitation pressure may develop, the entrance to a
pressure tunnel should be steam-lined to provide, a
gradual and smooth changes in flow.
15
he=KeV2/2g
he= head loss at entrance
Ke= loss coefficient of entrance
V=velocity of flow
g=gravity
The value of the Ke for the circular bell mouth entrance
varies from .04 to 0.10 with the average value of 0.05
and that for the square bell mouth entrance varies from
0.07 to 0.20 with an average value of 0.16.
b)Transition loss: In a hydraulic tunnel transitions are often required at the
intake, junction with de-silting chambers, gate galleries,
surge shaft etc. and at outfalls. All the transitions cause
head loss in tunnels. To minimize the head loss and to
avoid the cavitation tendencies along the tunnel surface,
the transition should be gradual. Transition can be either
be for contraction or for expansion
hf=Kc((V12-V22)/2g)
hf= head loss in expanding transition joint in m
V1=AVg. velocity in m/sec at the beginning of the
transition
V2=average velocity in m/sec at the end of the transition
Kc=loss coefficient for contraction
16
c)Gate loss: - if the entrance to a tunnel is designed
properly the velocity of flow would be approx. 1m/sec in
such a case no gate loss needs to be considered.
However, there will be head loss due to the gate groove.
Hg=KgV2/2g
Hg=gate loss in m
Kg=loss coefficient for gate
V=velocity of flow in m/sec
g=gravity
Kg= assumed to be 0.10
d) Exit loss: Head loss at exit can be calculated by:hex=KexV2/2g
hex=gate head loss in m
Kex=loss coefficient for exit.
The rock loads and pressure:
Rocks are in nature are affected by the
weight of the overlying strata and by their own weight. Stresses
develop in the rock mass because of these factors. In general,
every stress produces a strain and displaces individual rock
partials and whenever underground cavities are excavated in rock
layers will act as a uniformly distributed load on the deeper strata
and consequently on the roof of the cavity excavated. The load
acting thus is referred to as Rock load and rock pressure.
17
Location of tunnel Portal:- A tunnel portal is the face from
where a tunnel starts. Its location is decided with the reference to
the vertical and lateral rock cover. The minimum cover with which
tunnel can be started depends upon the type and structure of
rock size and shape of tunnel and the internal water pressure.
4.0 Method of tunneling:
Full face attack: - in this method, entire cross-sectional
area of the tunnel to be excavated is attacked simultaneously.
This method is generally recommended for small size tunnels
and tunnels in good rock conditions where major rock falls are
not anticipated.
Top heading and benching:- where the tunnel has a
very large cross-sectional area or where the is not of good
quality, the top heading and benching method is generally
recommended. In this method, a top heading is excavated firsteither to full length or part length of the tunnel, and is
supported simultaneously.
Bottom heading and stoping : - where the rock is
consistent and sound and the tunnel section is very large, this
method can be easily adopted. In this method a bottom
heading is made first and the overhead stope is removed later.
5.0 Steps involved in tunneling operation: - the actual steps
involved in boring the tunnel depends upon the mode of tunnel
boring. IN RHEP the adopted method of tunnel boring is drilling
and blasting. Other method is Tunnel Boring machine.
5.1 Tunnel supports:18
When an underground opening is made, it generally
becomes necessary to install to hold the rock which has a
tendency to drop out of the roof of the opening. In the earlier
days timber sections were used as temporary support till
permanent lining could be placed. With the gradual
availability of steel sections, timber supports have now
become almost obsolete. The necessity of the tunnel support
arises from the fact that the excavated rock as a tendency to
drop out of the roof of the tunnel.
Support system: 1. Shotcrete
2. Rock Bolts
3. Steel Ribs
Type of steel supports:Tunnel supports system by way of steel ribs may be
classified into the following:
Continuous Rib
Rib and Post
Rib and wall plate
Full circle Rib
Invert trust.
19
6.0 Tunnel lining: Lining in tunnels is very important
component. Tunnels forming part of water conductor system
have to be invariably lined with the cement concrete plain
or reinforce; or steel lined. Concrete lining is generally
provided for power a tunnel which connects directly to the
pressure pipe lines and thence to the turbines in power
house. The concrete lining is required to ensure that no sand
or rock partials are carried from the tunnel system into
machine.
Where the rock cover is inadequate to prevent
leakage and where high velocity erosion or cavitation can
occur as in the case of silt flushing tunnels- a steel lining is
required to be provided. The main function of the steel lining
is to protect the concrete and to stop leakage of the water
from the tunnel.
Concrete lining: - The function or concrete lining is one of
the following : To reduce head losses in the system.
To protect steel ribs from deteriorating.
To prevent leakage of water.
To protect the turbines by preventing loose rock partials
falling into the water and being carried to the turbines.
To take that part of the internal pressure which is not
taken by the rock.
20
Steel lining: Steel lining is provided where the tunnel has to
withstand high pressure. Steel lining is consist of a steel
plate of adequate thickness provided to the inner surface of
the tunnel and serve the following purpose: To prevent the water loss from the tunnels
To resist the bursting pressure of water carried by the
tunnel
To provide protection from the seepage of water from the
surrounding mass like rock, concrete etc.
To provide the smooth surface for the flow of water.
Effective cover:The required vertical and horizontal effective cover
ratio for construction of straight tunnel is H:2H. Which is not
always possible. So we follow the zik zac path to try to obtain
the effective cover H:2H.
7.0 Design load: Water load: - the magnitude of design loads caused
by water pressure on the tunnel lining either externally
or internally follows closely the operating conditions for
which the system has been designed.
External load: a tunnel lining me be subjected to
external load due to rock, external water pressure,
grout pressure, self-weight of water contained in the
21
tunnel as shown in figure 1. For tunnel ling, we
calculate the following values of bending moment,
normal thrust, radial shear, horizontal and vertical
deflections based on the assumption that it deflects
under the active loads and its deflection is restricted by
the passive resistance developed in the surrounding
rock mass.
Internal pressure:- the internal pressure comes in
notice when tunnel is full of water, exerted by the water
flowing in that tunnel. If the rock is good and cracking
of the lining does not involve much loss of water, the
cracking of lining may be permitted to some extent. But
if the surrounding rock is poor, reinforcement may be
provided to reduce the tensile in concrete.
Load can be calculated by: Q-Method
Terzaghi method
Rock mass rating method
Load classification on the basis of Q-system
Rock class
Q-value
Very Good Rock
40-20MPa
Good Rock
20-10
Fair Rock
10-4
Poor Rock
4-1
Very Poor Rock
1-0.1
Extremely Poor Rock
<<0.1
22
Lattice girder: - In tunneling, the lattice girders retain
many of the basic function of conventional steel arch ribs
requiring a degree of strength and rigidity that is provided by
3-dimensional steel lattice configuration. Two basic type of
lattice girder have been developed and relate to the number
of main support members present. The most commonly
manufactured three-chord has an isosceles triangular section
with a larger bar diameter (25-40mm) at the apex and two
smaller diameter bars (20-32 mm) at the base corners. And
the apex bar is separated from the side bars by small
diameter (10-12 mm).
Design of Plain concrete lining for internal pressure
for (STa 7777.651 to 8198.585 m)
The modulus of elasticity of concrete grade M20 has been
assumed as per IS-456
Notation:Ec= modulus of elasticity of concrete
A= radius of section in cm
Fc=characteristics strength of concrete in cm
P= internal pressure
T=thickness in cm (lining provided)
N= No. of checks
Calculation: Ec=5700(fck)0.5
Ec=5700(20)0.5
23
Ec=2.55X105 Kg/cm2
Unit weight of Rock mass=2.5 t/m3
Internal water pressure= 1026- T.I.L. of Sta 8198.585nm
=1026-960.405=65.59m
=6.559 bars
Let us check it for 7 bars:Now no of cracks N=2ap/t(fc+p)
N=2X3.14X525X7/40(20+7)
N=21.3 similar to 21
Crack spacing S=2a/N
S=2X3.14X525/21
S=157cm < 1.75m <175cm
Avg. crack opening= (1+)t(fc+p)/Er
=(1+0.1
8)40(20+7)/(5X104)
=0.25mm <0.3 mm
Hence safe
8.0 Excavation
Excavation: Open excavation
Underground excavation
24
Open Excavation:
Before the underground excavation of a Tunnel or
ADIT is done to open excavation undertaken so as to provide
access to the tunnel portal. Rock formation is removed to a
predetermined level by blasting.
The slope is stabilized by rockbolting,
shotcreting etc. The adit portal is constructed in R.C.C. in the
form of an arch.
Underground Excavation:
The project is almost totally underground and thus
underground excavation is the most important process in
the project. It includes the excavation of ADITS, tunnels,
chamber, shafts etc. Excavation is being done by blasting
using electric detonators. Blasting consists of the following
main processes:
(a) Drilling:
Initially blasting is done upto the springing level
where the circular portion of the cross-section. Holes are
drilled in the face in a specific pattern. The inner holes are
left unloaded to allow the rock certain space to move after
the blast.
25
The drilling pattern depends on the type of rock. The sets of
drill holes are numbered from inside towards the periphery
as 0, 1, 2, .. etc.
(b) Loading and blasting:
The drill holes are loaded with gelatine
capsules, the number of capsules being dependent upon the
type of rock. These are connected to the detonator and the
holes are then packed with sand filled in polythene bags.
Bamboo sticks are then used to plug the holes. The charge
is more in the inner holes than those at the periphery so as
to minimize the damage to the sides of the excavated
profile.
The site is cleared and the detonator is used to
blast the rock. An electrical delay system is also installed so
that the charge in the inner holes (0) explodes first and then
the other sets (1, 2, .) of charges explode successively.
Mucking:
After a blast the rock debris must be removed
from the site. This is done by a poclain or a ladder, which
loads the muck onto a dumber. The dumpers are then taken
to particular muck disposal area where the muck is dumped
and spread by bulldozer.
Support System:
After excavation and mucking has been done the
rock needs certain immediate support to stabilize the
26
tunnel. The following support System has been adopted in
this project:
(1). Rockbolting:
It is a process by which a rock needs mass is
stabilized by fastening it to a hard rock mass by means of
bolt. The length of rockbolts as well as the spacing varies
from rock to rock. Post-tensioning of the bolt is also done to
keep the rock mass in compression, by applying a torque of
56kg-m to the nut. Two types of rockbolts are in use in this
project:
(a). Expansion shell type:
The inner portion of this type of rock bolt
consists of a shell (20cm) which opens in a V-shape as the
steel rod is rotated and provides the anchorage at the end.
Two inlet and outlet tubes enter through the bearing plate
for forcing cement grout into the hole.
In this project a
problem has been encountered, that it is not possible to tell
whether the hole has been fully grouted or not. To counter
this first the hole is grouted and then the bolt is pushed
through and anchored. In vertical walls the holes are
inclined at 5 degree to retain the grout.
(b). Resin Type:
27
In this case a resin is used for end anchorage of
the rockbolt. Resin capsules are available which contain 2
chemicals separated by a membrane.
Once these capsules have been inserted into the
hole for the rock bolt, they are punctured and the two
chemicals come in contact and the solutions solidify within
seconds to provide the end anchorage to the rock bolt.
The lengths of rockbolts in use are: 6.20m,
8.20m, 10.20m, 7.70m, 9.70m.
The diameter of rockbolts and the hole are:
Dia of bar (mm)
Dia of hole(mm)
25
40
32
50
Spacing of the rockbolts is 1.5m and they are
placed in a staggered fashion. The post-tensioning is
done by tightening the nut on the bearing plate after the
end ha been anchored. After this the hole is grouted. At
least 2% of the installed rock bolts are subjected to pull
out tests.
Rocking may be done by a Boltek or a Boomer.
(2) Wiremesh and Shotcrete:
A welded wire mesh made of a
wire of 4 to 6mm dia with 10cm*10cm square opening
28
may be installed depending on the rock conditions. The
wire mesh is anchored to the walls by drilling holes and
anchoring the mesh into these.
A minimum 30cm overlap is provided between
two meshes. This wiremesh strengthens the shotcrete
which comes over it.
Shotcrete is concrete of particular
specifications which are shot onto the walls covered with
wiremesh using a shotcreting machine. The minimum
thickness is kept [Link] is of two types:
Dry Shotcrete:
The dry mix cement and aggregates are
taken to the site where shotcreting is to be done. During
shotcreting this dry mix is forced through one pipe while
water is forced to another and the two are mixed during
the process of shotcreting. This is used when the site is
far away from the batching plant. Signet powder is used
as admixtures to accelerate the setting time.
Wet Shotcrete:
In this case the addition of water is done at
the batching plant itself. Mono set is the admixture used
to accelerate the setting time. Wet shotcreting is mostly
adopted in the project.
29
(3). Structural Steel support or Steel Ribs:
These are ribs of I-Section, I.S.H.B.
150 X 150 which may be provided depending upon the
type of rock. Each rib is installed in parts, each part
being bolted to the next one. Each steel rib is joined to
the next one by tie bars welded to both the ribs.
The centre to centre spacing of the ribs is
75cm. Precast concrete blocks (lagging) are then placed
in between two consecutive ribs, M10 concrete is then
pumped through the lagging to fill up the portion behind
the ribs so as to give arch action.
(4). Forepoling:
At the certain places in the HRT
shear zones have been encountered. Some distances
upstream of the surge shaft biotite schist and quartz
mica schist forming one such shear zone have been
encountered. No blasting is required for their excavation.
To support the rock in such conditions
the steel ribs are provided after forepoling. Holes are
drilled along the periphery of the profile to a length of 6
to 7m and inclined at a small angle. A forepole
perforated at many places is inserted into this hole of
102mm dia. Grouting of the strata is done through these
pipes.
30
After grouting has been done
steel ribs are placed in the sections above the springing
level. A small portion of the rock is removed with a
pocklain, which is just sufficient to place the section of
the arch rib. After the whole rib is in place the material is
removed upto the next rib and the same process is
reported. Steel liner of 8.5m dia will be used for final
lining at such shear zones.
For the purpose of deciding the support
system of the tunnels the rocks have been classified into
six categories (very good, good, fair, poor, and very poor.
Rock Class
Support System
Class I
Class II
Rockbolting
Rockbolting
Class III
Rockbolting with wiremesh and shotcreting
Class IV
Rockbolting with wiremesh and shotcreting
Class V
Rockbolting with wiremesh and shotcreting & steel
ribs
Class VI
Rockbolting with wiremesh and shotcreting & steel
ribs
After each blast a Geologist inspects the
sites and suggests the support system to be provided.
31
9.0 Equipments:
The name and functions of a certain important
machinery and equipment used in this project are discussed
below:
(1). Boomers:
Boomers are used to drill holes for blasting as
well as rock bolting. These may be double boomer or single
boomer. Double boomer can drill two holes simultaneously.
Water is pumped in during drilling to avoid unwanted dust.
A platform is also provided for rock bolting.
(2). Boltek:
This is a sophisticated piece of machinery
used specifically for rock bolting. It is used for drilling a hole
of required dia and length, installing the rock bolt and then
grouting the post-tensioned bolt.
(3). Concrete Pump:
The concrete at a particular site, may
have to be pumped upto some height. In such cases a
concrete pump is used to pump concrete to a head of upto
45m.
(4). Shotcreting Machine:
Shotcreting is very important for
supporting a fair type rock. Shotcrete is concrete of given
32
specifications which are not at surface through a nozzle.
The machine used to shoot concrete at a surface is called a
shotcreting machine. To prevent clogging of the nozzle of
the machine the aggregate size in shotcrete is restricted to
10mm.
(5). Poclain:
A poclain is used for mucking operation
after a blast. It can move on tracks and performs mucking
operations from the top of the region to be cleared. This is
due to the shape of the boom.
(6). Loader:
Loader performs the same function as
the poclain but from the base of the area to be cleared i.e.
the material is collected from the below. Both poclain and
loader load the material onto a dumper which dumps the
muck at a designated muck disposal area.
(7). Klemm:
Klemm is the trade name of a very
sophisticated drilling machine which is being used to drill
holes of 150mm dia and 42m long for cable anchors. The
depth of 42m is attained coupling a number of drill bits.
(8). Transit Mixer:
In this project concrete of given
specifications is prepared at a batching plant from where it is
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to be transported to the site where it is to be used. For this
purpose a transit mixer is used. It is a truck with a concrete
mixer mounted on it so as to keep mixing the concrete during
transportation.
(9). Raise climb:
A raise climb is used for excavation of
inclined shaft such as the pressure shafts. It consists of an
inclined steel section made up of small segments from which
a cage is suspended.
The cage can be taken upto the work site
for drilling and loading operations and protects workers from
any falling rock. The inclined section also has three pipes to
take water etc. upto the work place.
Besides these several equipments like
dumpers, bulldozers etc. are also in use.
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