CHAPTER

Reinforced Concrete Design

Fifth Edition

RECTANGULAR R/C
CONCRETE BEAMS:
TENSION STEEL ONLY
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Part I Concrete Design and Analysis

2c

FALL 2002

By

Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf

ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

The basic criterion for strength design

may be expressed as
Strength furnished Strength required (1)

All members and all sections of

members must be proportioned to meet
this criterion.
Eq. 1 can be thought of as a supply and
a demand.

Slide No. 2

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

The supply is considered as the

strength furnished, while the demand as
the strength required.
The required strength may be
expressed in the forms of design loads
or their related moments, shears, and
forces.
Design loads may be defined as service
loads multiplied by their appropriate
factors.

Slide No. 3

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Eq. 1 can be expressed in a more

compact general form as
m

Rn i Lni

(2)

i =1

Where
= strength reduction factor
i = load factor for the ith load component out of n components
Rn = nominal or design strength (stress, moment, force, etc.)
Lni = nominal (or design) value for the ith load component out
of m components

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

Eq. 2 is the basis for Load and

Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for
Structural Members.
This equation uses different partial
safety factors for the strength and the
load effects.
The load factors are usually amplifying
factors (>1), while the strength factors
are called reduction factors (<1).

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Slide No. 5
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Strength Factor
The strength reduction factor provide for
the possibility that small adverse variation
in material strength, workmanship, and
dimensions may combine to result in
undercapacity.

Load Factors
The load factors s attempt to assess the
possibility that prescribed service loads
may be exceeded. Obviously, a live load is
more apt to be exceeded than a dead load,
which is largely fixed by the weight.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

Slide No. 6
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

ACI Code Provisions

In assigning strength reduction factors, the
degree of ductility and the importance of
the member as well as the degree of
accuracy with which the strength of the
member can be established are
considered.
The ACI Code provides for these variables
by using the following factors as provided
in Table 1.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements

Slide No. 7
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Table 1. Strength Reduction Factors

Type of Loading

Bending

0.90

Shear and Torsion

0.85

Compression members (spirally reinforced)

0.75

Compression Members (tied)

0.70

Bearing on Concrete

0.70

Slide No. 8

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

ACI Code Provisions

When word design is used throughout the
ACI Code, it indicates that the load factors
are included.
The subscript u is used to indicate design
loads, moments, shears, and forces.
For example, the design load wu = 1.4wDL + 1.7 wLL
and the required or design moment
strength for dead and live loads is
M u = 1.4M DL + 1.7 M LL

where 1.4 and 1.7 are the load factors.

Slide No. 9

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

ACI Requirements for Dead and Live

Loads
For dead and live loads, the ACI Code
specifies design loads, design shears, and
design moments be obtained from service
loads by the using the relation

U = 1.4D +1.7L

(3)

Slide No. 10

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Strength Requirements
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

ACI Requirements for Strength

The ACI Code stipulates that the strength
(moment, shear, force) furnished shall
meet the following requirements

Rn 1.4D +1.7L

(4)

Where
= strength reduction factor as provided in Table 1
Rn = nominal or design strength (stress, moment, force, etc.)

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Slide No. 11
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

The analysis of a reinforced concrete

beam implies that we know precisely
what comprises the section of the
beam.
The following data are known:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tension bar size or number (or As).

Beam width (b).
Effective depth (d) or total depth (h).
Compressive strength of concrete ( f c ).
Yield strength of steel (fy).

Slide No. 12

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Variables that need to be found or

answered include the following:
1. Find the strength Mn.
2. Check the adequacy of a given beam, or
3. Find an allowable load that the beam can
carry.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Slide No. 13
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Example 1

Determine if the simply supported beam

shown in Fig. 1 is adequate as governed
by the ACI Code. The prescribed loads are
as follows:
wD = 0.80 kip/ft (excludes beam weight)
wL = 0.80 kip/ft
Assume that the compressive strength of
concrete is 4,000 psi, while the yield
strength of steel is 60,000 psi.

Slide No. 14

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Example 1 (contd)
12 in.

12 kips
wD + wL

20 in.
4-#9
bars

10 ft

17.5 in.

10 ft

Slide No. 15

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Example 1 (contd)

Area for No. 9 bar = 1.00 in 2 (see Table 2 or Table A - 2 Text)

Therefore, As = 4(1.00) = 4.00 in 2

Next we need to find the maximum and minimum

Reinforcement for this beam as specified by the ACI .

max = 0.75 b
Asmax = 0.75 Asb
b =

ACI Code

0.85 f c1 87,000 0.85(4 )(0.85) 87

=

= 0.02851
f + 87,000
fy
60
60 + 87
y

Therefore, max = 0.75 b = 0.75(0.02851) = 0.0214

Slide No. 16

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Table 2. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars
Bar Designation
#3 [#10]
#4 [#13]
#5 [#16]
#6 [#19]
#7 [#22]
#8 [#25]
#9 [#29]
#10 [#32]
#11 [#36]
#14 [#43]
#18 [#57]

Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257

Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00

Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60

Note: Metric designations are in brackets

Slide No. 17

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Example 1 (contd)

As , min =
As , min
As , min

3 f c
200
bw d
bw d
fy
fy

ACI

12 in.

20 in.

3 4,000
(12)(17.5) 200 (12)(17.5)
=
60,000
60,000
= 0.664 0.700

4-#9
bars

17.5 in.

Therefore, take As , min = 0.70 in 2

Calculate the steel ratio for this beam:

=

As
4
=
= 0.0191
bd 12(17.5)

Slide No. 18

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Example 1 (contd)

12 in.

Since = 0.0191 < max = 0.0214, failure

by yielding is assured.
20 in.
2
2
Also, As = 4.00 in > 0.70 in OK

17.5 in.

4-#9
bars

Note that max = 0.75 b = 0.0214 can be obtained directly

from from Table 3 (Table A-5 Text).
Also note that As,min can be obtained from Table 3 (Table
A-5 Text) as follows
As,min = 0.0033 b d = 0.0033 (12)(17.5) = 0.693 .70 in2

Slide No. 19

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Table A-5 Textbook
f c (psi )

Table 3
Design Constants

Values used in
the example.

3 f c 200

f y
f y

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0050
0.0050
0.0053
0.0058

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0040
0.0040
0.0042
0.0046

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0033
0.0033
0.0035
0.0039

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0027
0.0027
0.0028
0.0031

max = 0.75 b
Fy = 40,000 psi
0.0278
0.0372
0.0436
0.0490
Fy = 50,000 psi
0.0206
0.0275
0.0324
0.0364
Fy = 60,000 psi
0.0161
0.0214
0.0252
0.0283
Fy = 75,000 psi
0.0116
0.0155
0.0182
0.0206

Recommended Design Values

b

k (ksi)

0.0135
0.0180
0.0225
0.0270

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

0.0108
0.0144
0.0180
0.0216

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

0.0090
0.0120
0.0150
0.0180

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

0.0072
0.0096
0.0120
0.0144

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

10

Slide No. 20

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment
Q

Example 1 (contd)

12 in.

N C = NT
0.85 f cba = As f y
a=

As f y
0.85 f cb

4(60 )
= 5.88 in.
0.85(4 )(12 )

20 in.

17.5 in.

4-#9
bars

a
5.88
= 17.5
= 14.6 in.
2
2
Therefore,
M n = As f y Z = 0.85 f cbaZ
Z =d

3,504
ft - kips
12
Hence, M n = 292 ft - kips (based on Steel)
M n = 4(60)(14.6) = 3,504 in - kips =

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

12 kips
Moment

Example 1 (contd)

wD + wL

Service Loads:
The beam weight is to be calculated:
Beam weight = Volume 0.150 kip/ft

10 ft

10 ft

12
kip
20

Weight = ft ft 1ft 0.15

= 0.25 kip /ft
12
ft
12

Total uniform dead load, wD = 0.25 + 0.80 =1.05 kips/ft

Total uniform dead load, wL = 0.80 = kips/ft
Using Eq. 3

U = 1.4D +1.7L

ACI Code

11

Slide No. 22

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment

Example 1 (contd)

wu = 1.4wD + 1.7 wL

ACI Code

Rn 1.4D +1.7L

= 1.4(1.05) + 1.7(0.80) = 2.83 kips/ft

Pu = 1.7 PL = 1.7(12) = 20.4 kips

wu L2 Pu L 2.83(20) 12(20)
+
=
+
= 243.5 ft - kips
8
4
8
4
Check ACI Code Requirement:
2

Mu =

Rn (1.4M D +1.7M L = Mu )

[0.9Mn = 0.9(292) = 262.8 ft - kips] > [Mu = 243.5 ft - kips] OK

Therefore the beam is adequate

Slide No. 23

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Rectangular Beam Analysis for

Moment

Example 1 (contd)

Pu = 12 (1.7) = 20.4 kips

wu = 2.83 kips/ft

Alternative way for finding Mu

wu = 1.4wD + 1.7 wL

= 1.4(1.05) + 1.7(0.80) = 2.83 kips/ft

The factored maximum moment

can be obtained from the
moment diagram directly:
M u = 243.5 ft - kips

10 ft

10 ft

38.5 k

38.5 k

38.5 k

10.2 k

Shear V
10.2 k

38.5 k

243.5 ft-k

Moment M

12

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Slide No. 24
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Slabs are considered specialized type

of bending members.
They are used both in structural steel
and reinforced concrete construction.
Types of Slabs:
One-way Slab
Two-way Slab
Flat Slab

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Typical Structure (1)

13

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Typical Structure (2)

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Floor-Column Systems

14

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Floor-Column Systems

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

One-Way Slab
A one-way slab can be defined as a
structural reinforced concrete slab
supported on two opposite sides so that
the bending occurs in one direction only,
that is, perpendicular to the supported
edges.

15

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

One-Way Slab

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Slide No. 30
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Slide No. 31
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Two-Way Slab
A two-way slab can be defined as a
structural reinforced concrete slab
supported along four edges so that the
bending occurs in two directions
perpendicular to each other.
However, If the ratio of the lengths of the
two perpendicular sides is in excess of 2,
the slab may be assumed to act as a oneway slab with bending primarily occurring
in the short direction.

16

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Introduction to Slabs
Q

Slide No. 32
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Flat Slab
A specific type of twoway slab is categorized
as a flat slab. A flat
slab may be defined as
a concrete slab
reinforced in two or
more directions,
generally without
beams or girders to
transfer the loads to the
supporting members.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q

Slide No. 33
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

In this course, we are concerned

primarily with one-way slab that is
assumed to be a rectangular beam with
width b = 12 in. as shown in Fig. 1.
When loaded with uniformly distributed
load, the slabs deflects so that it has
curvature, and therefore bending
moment, in only one direction (Fig. 1).

17

Slide No. 34

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q

One-Way Slab Design

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Figure 1

12

Analyze this strip

as a beam
The procedure for finding Mn for one-way slab is almost identical to
that of a beam.

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q

Slide No. 35
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

ACI Code Requirements for Slabs

Minimum Steel Area, As,min:
For grade 40 or 50 steel:
As = 0.0020bh

(5a)

For grade 60 steel:

As = 0.0018bh

(5b)

Concrete protection:

Concrete protection for reinforcement in slabs

must be not less than 0.75 in.
For surfaces exposed to weather and ground,
min. protection is 2 in (#6 to #18) and 1.5 in (#5)

18

Slide No. 36

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2

The one-way slab shown spans 12 ft from

center of the support to the center of
support. Calculate Mn and determine the
service live load (psf) that the slab may
carry. Use f c = 3,000 psi and fy = 40,000
psi.
Section A-A
A

3
clear
4

12 ft

#8 @ 6 o.c

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment

Slide No. 37
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2 (contd)

Analyze a 12-in wide strip of slab:

For f c = 3,000 psi and fy = 40,000 psi
max = 0.0278 from Table 3 (Table A - 5 Text)
As , min = 0.0020(12)(8) = 0.19 in 2
As = 2(0.79) = 1.58 in 2 > 0.19 in 2

OK

d = 8 0.75 0.5 = 6.75 in.

A
1.58
= 0.0195 < 0.0278 OK
= s =
bd 12(6.75)
a=

As f y
0.85 f cb

b = 12 in.
8

clear

#8 @ 6 o.c

1.58(40 )
= 2.07 in.
0.85(3)(12 )

19

Slide No. 38

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Table 2. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars

Bar Designation
#3 [#10]
#4 [#13]
#5 [#16]
#6 [#19]
#7 [#22]
#8 [#25]
#9 [#29]
#10 [#32]
#11 [#36]
#14 [#43]
#18 [#57]

Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257

Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00

Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60

Note: Metric designations are in brackets

Slide No. 39

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Table A-5 Textbook
f c (psi )

Table 3
Design Constants

Values used in
the example.

3 f c 200

f y
f y

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0050
0.0050
0.0053
0.0058

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0040
0.0040
0.0042
0.0046

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0033
0.0033
0.0035
0.0039

3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000

0.0027
0.0027
0.0028
0.0031

max = 0.75 b
Fy = 40,000 psi
0.0278
0.0372
0.0436
0.0490
Fy = 50,000 psi
0.0206
0.0275
0.0324
0.0364
Fy = 60,000 psi
0.0161
0.0214
0.0252
0.0283
Fy = 75,000 psi
0.0116
0.0155
0.0182
0.0206

Recommended Design Values

b

k (ksi)

0.0135
0.0180
0.0225
0.0270

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

0.0108
0.0144
0.0180
0.0216

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

0.0090
0.0120
0.0150
0.0180

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

0.0072
0.0096
0.0120
0.0144

0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657

20

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
Q

Slide No. 40
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Example 2 (contd)

a
2.07
= 6.75
= 5.72 in.
2
2
1.58(40)(5.72 )
M n = As f y Z =
= 30.13 ft - kips
12
Therefore,
Z =d

M n = 0.9(30.13) = 27.1 ft - kips

wu L2
8
27.1(8) 27.1(8)
=
= 1.51 k/ft
wu =
L2
(12)2

M u = M n = 27.1 =

CHAPTER 2c. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Slide No. 41
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

One-Way Slab: Analysis for

Moment
ACI Code
Q

Example 2 (contd)

wu = 1.4 wD + 1.7 wL
wD = weight of slab =

Rn 1.4D +1.7L

8(12)
(0.150) = 0.10 k/ft
144

1.51 = 1.4(0.10) + 1.7 wL

1.7 wL = 1.51 1.4(0.10 )

Hence,
wL =

1.51 1.4(0.1)
= 0.806 k/ft = 806 psf
1.7

21