Cathodic protection

Aluminium sacrificial anodes (light colored rectangular

bars) mounted on a steel jacket structure.

Zinc sacrificial anode (rounded object) screwed to the

underside of the hull of a small boat.

0:00 / 0:00

Pronunciation of the word "Cathodic"

Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique

used to control the corrosion of a metal
surface by making it the cathode of an
electrochemical cell.[1] A simple method of
protection connects the metal to be
protected to a more easily corroded
"sacrificial metal" to act as the anode. The
sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of
the protected metal. For structures such
as long pipelines, where passive galvanic
cathodic protection is not adequate, an
external DC electrical power source is
used to provide sufficient current.

Cathodic protection systems protect a

wide range of metallic structures in
various environments. Common
applications are: steel water or fuel
pipelines and steel storage tanks such as
home water heaters; steel pier piles; ship
and boat hulls; offshore oil platforms and
onshore oil well casings; offshore wind
farm foundations and metal reinforcement
bars in concrete buildings and structures.
Another common application is in
galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial
coating of zinc on steel parts protects
them from rust.

Cathodic protection can, in some cases,

prevent stress corrosion cracking.

History
Cathodic protection was first described by
Sir Humphry Davy in a series of papers
presented to the Royal Society[2] in London
in 1824. The first application was to
HMS Samarang [3] in 1824. Sacrificial
anodes made from iron attached to the
copper sheath of the hull below the
waterline dramatically reduced the
corrosion rate of the copper. However, a
side effect of cathodic protection was the
increase in marine growth. Usually, copper
when corroding releases copper ions
which have an anti-fouling effect. Since
excess marine growth affected the
performance of the ship, the Royal Navy
decided that it was better to allow the
copper to corrode and have the benefit of
reduced marine growth, so cathodic
protection was not used further.

Davy was assisted in his experiments by

his pupil Michael Faraday, who continued
his research after Davy's death. In 1834,
Faraday discovered the quantitative
connection between corrosion weight loss
and electric current and thus laid the
foundation for the future application of
cathodic protection.[4]

Thomas Edison experimented with

impressed current cathodic protection on
ships in 1890, but was unsuccessful due
to the lack of a suitable current source and
anode materials. It would be 100 years
after Davy's experiment before cathodic
protection was used widely on oil pipelines
in the United States[5] — cathodic
protection was applied to steel gas
pipelines beginning in 1928[6] and more
widely in the 1930s.[7]
Types

Galvanic sacrificial anode attached to the hull of a ship,

showing corrosion.

Galvanic

In the application of passive cathodic

protection, a galvanic anode, a piece of a
more electrochemically "active" metal
(more negative electrode potential), is
attached to the vulnerable metal surface
where it is exposed to an electrolyte.
Galvanic anodes are selected because
they have a more "active" voltage than the
metal of the target structure (typically
steel).

Concrete has a pH around 13. In this

environment the steel reinforcement has a
passive protective layer and remains
largely stable. Galvanic systems are
"constant potential" systems that aim to
restore the concrete's natural protective
environment by providing a high initial
current to restore passivity. It then reverts
to a lower sacrificial current while harmful
negative Chloride ions migrate away from
the steel and towards the positive anode.
The anodes remain reactive through their
lifetime (10-20 years typically) increasing
current when the resistivity decreases due
to corrosion hazards such as rainfall,
temperature increases or flooding. The
reactive nature of these anodes makes
them an efficient choice.

Unlike ICCP systems steel constant

polarization is not the goal, rather the
restoration of the environment.
Polarization of the target structure is
caused by the electron flow from the
anode to the cathode, so the two metals
must have a good electrically conductive
contact. The driving force for the cathodic
protection current is the difference in
electrode potential between the anode and
the cathode.[8] During the initial phase of
high current, the potential of the steel
surface is polarized (pushed) more
negative protecting the steel which
hydroxide ion generation at the steel
surface and ionic migration restore the
concrete environment.

Over time the galvanic anode continues to

corrode, consuming the anode material
until eventually it must be replaced.

Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in

various shapes and sizes using alloys of
zinc, magnesium and aluminium. ASTM
International publishes standards on the
composition and manufacturing of
galvanic anodes.[9][10][11]

In order for galvanic cathodic protection to

work, the anode must possess a lower
(that is, more negative) electrode potential
than that of the cathode (the target
structure to be protected). The table below
shows a simplified galvanic series which
is used to select the anode metal.[12] The
anode must be chosen from a material
that is lower on the list than the material to
be protected.
 Potential with respect to a Cu:CuSO4

Metal reference electrode in neutral pH environment

(volts)

Carbon, Graphite, Coke +0.3

Platinum 0 to −0.1

Mill scale on Steel −0.2

High Silicon Cast Iron −0.2

Copper, brass, bronze −0.2

Mild steel in concrete −0.2

Lead −0.5

Cast iron (not graphitized) −0.5

Mild steel (rusted) −0.2 to −0.5

Mild steel (clean) −0.5 to −0.8

Commercially pure aluminium −0.8

Aluminium alloy (5% zinc) −1.05

Zinc −1.1

Magnesium Alloy (6% Al, 3% Zn, 0.15%

−1.6
Mn)

Commercially Pure Magnesium −1.75

Impressed current systems

Simple impressed current cathodic protection system.
A source of DC electric current is used to help drive the
protective electrochemical reaction.

In some cases, impressed current cathodic

protection (ICCP) systems are used. These
consist of anodes connected to a DC
power source, often a transformer-rectifier
connected to AC power. In the absence of
an AC supply, alternative power sources
may be used, such as solar panels, wind
power or gas powered thermoelectric
generators.[13][14]
Anodes for ICCP systems are available in
a variety of shapes and sizes. Common
anodes are tubular and solid rod shapes or
continuous ribbons of various materials.
These include high silicon cast iron,
graphite, mixed metal oxide, platinum and
niobium coated wire and other materials.

For pipelines, anodes are arranged in

groundbeds either distributed or in a deep
vertical hole depending on several design
and field condition factors including
current distribution requirements.

Cathodic protection transformer-rectifier

units are often custom manufactured and
equipped with a variety of features,
including remote monitoring and control,
integral current interrupters and various
type of electrical enclosures. The output
DC negative terminal is connected to the
structure to be protected by the cathodic
protection system.[15] The rectifier output
DC positive cable is connected to the
anodes. The AC power cable is connected
to the rectifier input terminals.

The output of the ICCP system should be

optimised to provide enough current to
provide protection to the target structure.
Some cathodic protection transformer-
rectifier units are designed with taps on
the transformer windings and jumper
terminals to select the voltage output of
the ICCP system. Cathodic protection
transformer-rectifier units for water tanks
and used in other applications are made
with solid state circuits to automatically
adjust the operating voltage to maintain
the optimum current output or structure-
to-electrolyte potential.[16] Analog or digital
meters are often installed to show the
operating voltage (DC and sometime AC)
and current output. For shore structures
and other large complex target structures,
ICCP systems are often designed with
multiple independent zones of anodes
with separate cathodic protection
transformer-rectifier circuits.

Hybrid Systems

Hybrid systems have been used for over a

decade and incorporate the coordination,
monitoring and high restorative current
flow of ICCP systems with the reactive,
lower cost and easier to maintain galvanic
anodes.

The system is made up of wired galvanic

anodes in arrays typically 400mm apart
which are then initially powered for a short
period to restore the concrete and power
ionic migration. The power supply is then
taken away and the anodes simply
attached to the steel as a galvanic system.
More powered phases can be
administered if needed. Like Galvanic
systems corrosion rate monitoring from
polarisation tests and half-cell potential
mapping can be used to measure
corrosion. Polarization is not the goal for
the life of the system.

Applications
Hot Water Tank / Water Heater

This technology is also used to protect

water heaters. Indeed, the electrons sent
by the imposed current anode (composed
of titanium and covered with MMO)
prevents the inside of the tank from
rusting.

In order to be recognized as effective,

these anodes must comply with certain
standards: A cathodic protection system is
considered efficient when its potential
reaches or exceeds the limits established
by the cathodic protection criteria. The
cathode protection criteria used come
from the standard NACE SP0388-2007
(formerly RP0388-2001) of the NACE
National Association of Corrosion
Engineers.[17]
Pipelines

An air cooled cathodic protection rectifier connected to

a pipeline.

Cathodic protection markers over a gas pipeline in

Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.
Hazardous product pipelines are routinely
protected by a coating supplemented with
cathodic protection. An impressed current
cathodic protection system (ICCP) for a
pipeline consists of a DC power source,
often an AC powered transformer rectifier
and an anode, or array of anodes buried in
the ground (the anode groundbed).

The DC power source would typically have

a DC output of up to 50 amperes and 50
volts, but this depends on several factors,
such as the size of the pipeline and
coating quality. The positive DC output
terminal would be connected via cables to
the anode array, while another cable would
connect the negative terminal of the
rectifier to the pipeline, preferably through
junction boxes to allow measurements to
be taken.[18]

Anodes can be installed in a groundbed

consisting of a vertical hole backfilled with
conductive coke (a material that improves
the performance and life of the anodes) or
laid in a prepared trench, surrounded by
conductive coke and backfilled. The
choice of groundbed type and size
depends on the application, location and
soil resistivity.[19]
The DC cathodic protection current is then
adjusted to the optimum level after
conducting various tests including
measurements of pipe-to-soil potentials or
electrode potential.

It is sometimes more economically viable

to protect a pipeline using galvanic
(sacrificial) anodes. This is often the case
on smaller diameter pipelines of limited
length.[20] Galvanic anodes rely on the
galvanic series potentials of the metals to
drive cathodic protection current from the
anode to the structure being protected.
Water pipelines of various pipe materials
are also provided with cathodic protection
where owners determine the cost is
reasonable for the expected pipeline
service life extension attributed to the
application of cathodic protection.

Ships and boats

The white patches visible on the ship's hull are zinc

block sacrificial anodes.
Cathodic protection on ships is often
implemented by galvanic anodes attached
to the hull and ICCP for larger vessels.
Since ships are regularly removed from the
water for inspections and maintenance, it
is a simple task to replace the galvanic
anodes.[21]

Galvanic anodes are generally shaped to

reduced drag in the water and fitted flush
to the hull to also try to minimize drag.[22]

Smaller vessels, with non-metallic hulls,

such as yachts, are equipped with galvanic
anodes to protect areas such as outboard
motors. As with all galvanic cathodic
protection, this application relies on a solid
electrical connection between the anode
and the item to be protected.

For ICCP on ships, the anodes are usually

constructed of a relatively inert material
such as platinised titanium. A DC power
supply is provided within the ship and the
anodes mounted on the outside of the hull.
The anode cables are introduced into the
ship via a compression seal fitting and
routed to the DC power source. The
negative cable from the power supply is
simply attached to the hull to complete the
circuit. Ship ICCP anodes are flush-
mounted, minimizing the effects of drag
on the ship, and located a minimum 5 ft
below the light load line[23] in an area to
avoid mechanical damage. The current
density required for protection is a
function of velocity and considered when
selecting the current capacity and location
of anode placement on the hull.

Some ships may require specialist

treatment, for example aluminium hulls
with steel fixtures will create an
electrochemical cell where the aluminium
hull can act as a galvanic anode and
corrosion is enhanced. In cases like this,
aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be
used to offset the potential difference
between the aluminium hull and the steel
fixture.[24] If the steel fixtures are large,
several galvanic anodes may be required,
or even a small ICCP system.

Marine

Marine cathodic protection covers many

areas, jetties, harbors, offshore structures.
The variety of different types of structure
leads to a variety of systems to provide
protection. Galvanic anodes are
favored,[25] but ICCP can also often be
used. Because of the wide variety of
structure geometry, composition, and
architecture, specialized firms are often
required to engineer structure-specific
cathodic protection systems. Sometimes
marine structures require retroactive
modification to be effectively protected [26]

Steel in concrete

The application to concrete reinforcement

is slightly different in that the anodes and
reference electrodes are usually
embedded in the concrete at the time of
construction when the concrete is being
poured. The usual technique for concrete
buildings, bridges and similar structures is
to use ICCP,[27] but there are systems
available that use the principle of galvanic
cathodic protection as well,[28][29][30]
although in the UK at least, the use of
galvanic anodes for atmospherically
exposed reinforced concrete structures is
considered experimental.[31]

For ICCP, the principle is the same as any

other ICCP system. However, in a typical
atmospherically exposed concrete
structure such as a bridge, there will be
many more anodes distributed through the
structure as opposed to an array of
anodes as used on a pipeline. This makes
for a more complicated system and
usually an automatically controlled DC
power source is used, possibly with an
option for remote monitoring and
operation.[32] For buried or submerged
structures, the treatment is similar to that
of any other buried or submerged
structure.

Galvanic systems offer the advantage of

being easier to retrofit and do not need any
control systems as ICCP does.

For pipelines constructed from pre-

stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP),
the techniques used for cathodic
protection are generally as for steel
pipelines except that the applied potential
must be limited to prevent damage to the
prestressing wire.[33]

The steel wire in a PCCP pipeline is

stressed to the point that any corrosion of
the wire can result in failure. An additional
problem is that any excessive hydrogen
ions as a result of an excessively negative
potential can cause hydrogen
embrittlement of the wire, also resulting in
failure. The failure of too many wires will
result in catastrophic failure of the
PCCP.[34] To implement ICCP therefore
requires very careful control to ensure
satisfactory protection. A simpler option is
to use galvanic anodes, which are self-
limiting and need no control.[35]

Internal cathodic protection

Vessels, pipelines and tanks which are

used to store or transport liquids can also
be protected from corrosion on their
internal surfaces by the use of cathodic
protection.[36] ICCP and galvanic systems
can be used.[37] A common application of
internal cathodic protection is water
storage tanks and power plant shell and
tube heat exchangers.

Galvanized steel
Galvanizing generally refers to hot-dip
galvanizing which is a way of coating steel
with a layer of metallic zinc or tin.
Galvanized coatings are quite durable in
most environments because they combine
the barrier properties of a coating with
some of the benefits of cathodic
protection. If the zinc coating is scratched
or otherwise locally damaged and steel is
exposed, the surrounding areas of zinc
coating form a galvanic cell with the
exposed steel and protect it from
corrosion. This is a form of localized
cathodic protection - the zinc acts as a
sacrificial anode.
Galvanizing, while using the
electrochemical principle of cathodic
protection, is not actually cathodic
protection. Cathodic protection requires
the anode to be separate from the metal
surface to be protected, with an ionic
connection through the electrolyte and an
electron connection through a connecting
cable, bolt or similar. This means that any
area of the protected structure within the
electrolyte can be protected, whereas in
the case of galvanizing, only areas very
close to the zinc are protected. Hence, a
larger area of bare steel would only be
protected around the edges.
Automobiles

Several companies market electronic

devices claiming to mitigate corrosion for
automobiles and trucks.[38] Corrosion
control professionals find they do not
work.[39] There is no peer reviewed
scientific testing and validation supporting
the use of the devices. In 1996 the FTC
ordered David McCready, a person that
sold devices claiming to protect cars from
corrosion, to pay restitution and banned
the names "Rust Buster" and "Rust
Evader."[40]

Testing
Electrode potential is measured with
reference electrodes. Copper-copper
sulphate electrodes are used for
structures in contact with soil or fresh
water. Silver/silver chloride/seawater
electrodes or pure zinc electrodes are
used for seawater applications. The
methods are described in EN 13509:2003
and NACE TM0497 along with the sources
of error[41] in the voltage that appears on
the display of the meter. Interpretation of
electrode potential measurements to
determine the potential at the interface
between the anode of the corrosion cell
and the electrolyte requires training[42] and
cannot be expected to match the accuracy
of measurements done in laboratory work.

Problems
Production of hydrogen

A side effect of improperly applied

cathodic protection is the production of
atomic hydrogen,[43] leading to its
absorption in the protected metal and
subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of
welds and materials with high hardness.
Under normal conditions, the atomic
hydrogen will combine at the metal
surface to create hydrogen gas, which
cannot penetrate the metal. Hydrogen
atoms, however, are small enough to pass
through the crystalline steel structure, and
lead in some cases to hydrogen
embrittlement.

Cathodic disbonding

This is a process of disbondment of

protective coatings from the protected
structure (cathode) due to the formation
of hydrogen ions over the surface of the
protected material (cathode).[44]
Disbonding can be exacerbated by an
increase in alkali ions and an increase in
cathodic polarization.[45] The degree of
disbonding is also reliant on the type of
coating, with some coatings affected more
than others.[46] Cathodic protection
systems should be operated so that the
structure does not become excessively
polarized,[47] since this also promotes
disbonding due to excessively negative
potentials. Cathodic disbonding occurs
rapidly in pipelines that contain hot fluids
because the process is accelerated by
heat flow.

Cathodic shielding

Effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP)

systems on steel pipelines can be
impaired by the use of solid film backed
dielectric coatings such as polyethylene
tapes, shrinkable pipeline sleeves, and
factory applied single or multiple solid film
coatings. This phenomenon occurs
because of the high electrical resistivity of
these film backings.[48] Protective electric
current from the cathodic protection
system is blocked or shielded from
reaching the underlying metal by the highly
resistive film backing. Cathodic shielding
was first defined in the 1980s as being a
problem, and technical papers on the
subject have been regularly published
since then.
A 1999 report[49] concerning a 20,600 bbl
(3,280 m3) spill from a Saskatchewan
crude oil line contains an excellent
definition of the cathodic shielding
problem:

"The triple situation of disbondment of

the (corrosion) coating, the dielectric
nature of the coating and the unique
electrochemical environment
established under the exterior coating,
which acts as a shield to the electrical
CP current, is referred to as CP
shielding. The combination of tenting
and disbondment permits a corrosive
environment around the outside of the
pipe to enter into the void between the
exterior coating and the pipe surface.
With the development of this CP
shielding phenomenon, impressed
current from the CP system cannot
access exposed metal under the
exterior coating to protect the pipe
surface from the consequences of an
aggressive corrosive environment. The
CP shielding phenomenon induces
changes in the potential gradient of the
CP system across the exterior coating,
which are further pronounced in areas
of insufficient or sub-standard CP
current emanating from the pipeline's
CP system. This produces an area on
 the pipeline of insufficient CP defense
against metal loss aggravated by an
exterior corrosive environment."

Cathodic shielding is referenced in a

number of the standards listed below.
Newly issued USDOT regulation Title 49
CFR 192.112 , in the section for Additional
design requirements for steel pipe using
alternative maximum allowable operating
pressure requires that "The pipe must be
protected against external corrosion by a
non-shielding coating" (see coatings
section on standard). Also, the NACE
SP0169:2007 standard defines shielding in
section 2, cautions against the use of
materials that create electrical shielding in
section 4.2.3, cautions against use of
external coatings that create electrical
shielding in section [Link], and instructs
readers to take 'appropriate action' when
the effects of electrical shielding of
cathodic protection current are detected
on an operating pipeline in section 10.9.

Standards
49 CFR 192.451 - Requirements for
Corrosion Control - Transportation of
natural and other gas by pipeline: US
minimum federal safety standards
49 CFR 195.551 - Requirements for
Corrosion Control - Transportation of
hazardous liquids by pipelines: US
minimum federal safety standards
AS 2832.4 - Australian Standard for
Cathodic Protection
ASME B31Q 0001-0191
ASTM G 8, G 42 - Evaluating Cathodic
Disbondment resistance of coatings
DNV-RP-B401 - Cathodic Protection
Design - Det Norske Veritas
EN 12068:1999 - Cathodic protection.
External organic coatings for the
corrosion protection of buried or
immersed steel pipelines used in
conjunction with cathodic protection.
Tapes and shrinkable materials
EN 12473:2000 - General principles of
cathodic protection in sea water
EN 12474:2001 - Cathodic protection for
submarine pipelines
EN 12495:2000 - Cathodic protection for
fixed steel offshore structures
EN 12499:2003 - Internal cathodic
protection of metallic structures
EN 12696:2012 - Cathodic protection of
steel in concrete
EN 12954:2001 - Cathodic protection of
buried or immersed metallic structures.
General principles and application for
pipelines
EN 13173:2001 - Cathodic protection for
steel offshore floating structures
EN 13174:2001 - Cathodic protection for
"Harbour Installations".
EN 13509:2003 - Cathodic protection
measurement techniques
EN 13636:2004 - Cathodic protection of
buried metallic tanks and related piping
EN 14505:2005 - Cathodic protection of
complex structures
EN 15112:2006 - External cathodic
protection of well casing
 EN 15280-2013 - Evaluation of a.c.
corrosion likelihood of buried pipelines
EN 50162:2004 - Protection against
corrosion by stray current from direct
current systems
BS 7361-1:1991 - Cathodic Protection
NACE SP0169:2013 - Control of External
Corrosion on Underground or
Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
NACE TM 0497 - Measurement
Techniques Related to Criteria for
Cathodic Protection on Underground or
Submerged Metallic Piping Systems

See also
 Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Cathodic protection.

Anodic protection
Sacrificial metal
Wetting voltage
Redox

Notes
1. Peabody p.6
2. Davy, cited in Ashworth 1994
3. Ashworth, 10:3
4. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.12
5. Scherer, 38(27), 179 cited in
Baeckman
 6. Robert J. Kuhn, Cathodic Protection of
Underground Pipe Lines from Soil
Corrosion, API Proceedings, Nov. 1933,
Vol. 14, p157
7. Natural Resources Canada Retrieved
23 JAN 2012([1] ) Archived January 6,
2013, at the Wayback Machine
8. Roberge p.871
9. ASTM B418-16 Standard Specification
for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc
Anodes
10. ASTM B843-13 Standard Specification
for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for
Cathodic Protection
11. ASTM F1182-07(2013) Standard
Specification for Anodes, Sacrificial
Zinc Alloy
12. Peabody p.304
13. Ashworth 10:10
14. Roberge p.880
15. Peabody p.158
16. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.233
17. "Cathodic Protection Industry -
NACE" . [Link]. Retrieved
24 April 2019.
18. Peabody p.22
19. Peabody p.132
20. Peabody p.32
21. BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. 6.2
22. BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. [Link]
23. CP-2 Cathodic Protection Technician-
Maritime Student Manual NACE
International, July 2009, pg 3-11
24. EN 12473:2000 Sect. 8.3.1
25. Roberge p.876
26. Britton p.1
27. Ashworth et al 10:82
28. Covino et al/
29. Daily
30. Highways Agency Sect. 4.8
31. Highways Agency Sect. 2.1
32. Highways Agency Sect. 4.5
33. NACE RP0100-2000 Sect. 5.2.5
34. Gummow
35. NACE RP0100-2000 Sect. 5.4
36. EN 12499:2003
37. Ashworth et al 10:112
38. CounterAct at Canadian Tire retailer
39. NACE International Article Electronic
Rust Prevention
40. Federal Trade Commission Press
Release
41. NACE TM0497 Section 5.8
42. NACE TM0497 Section 1.2
43. Fundamentals of Electrochemical
Corrosion , p. 174, at Google Books
44. Roberge Sect. 11.4.1, p.886
45. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.167
46. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.168
47. Peabody p.37
48. NACE International Paper 09043
49. Transportation Safety Board of
Canada

References
A.W. Peabody, Peabody's Control of
Pipeline Corrosion, 2nd Ed., 2001, NACE
International. ISBN 1-57590-092-0
Davy, H., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.,
114,151,242 and 328 (1824)
Ashworth V., Corrosion Vol. 2, 3rd Ed.,
1994, ISBN 0-7506-1077-8
Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz,
Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion
Protection, 3rd Edition 1997. ISBN 0-
88415-056-9
Scherer, L. F., Oil and Gas Journal,
(1939)
ASTM B843 - 07 Standard Specification
for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for
Cathodic Protection
ASTM B418 - 09 Standard Specification
for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc
Anodes
Roberge, Pierre R, Handbook of
Corrosion Engineering 1999 ISBN 0-07-
076516-2
NACE International Paper 09043
Coatings Used in Conjunction with
Cathodic Protection - Shielding vs Non-
shielding Coatings
NACE International TM0497-2002,
Measurement Techniques Related to
Criteria for Cathodic Protection on
Underground or Submerged Metallic
Piping Systems
Transportation Safety Board of Canada,
Report Number P99H0021, 1999 [2]
Covino, Bernard S, et al., Performance of
Zinc Anodes for Cathodic Protection of
Reinforced Concrete Bridges, Oregon
Dept of Transport & Federal Highway
Administration, March 2002
UK Highways Agency BA 83/02; Design
Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol.3,
Sect.3, Part 3, Cathodic Protection For
Use In Reinforced Concrete Highway
Structures. [3] (Retrieved 2011-01-04)
Daily, Steven F, Using Cathodic
Protection to Control Corrosion of
Reinforced Concrete Structures in
Marine Environments (published in Port
Technology International)
Gummow, RA, Corrosion Control of
Municipal Infrastructure Using Cathodic
Protection. NACE Conference Oct 1999,
NACE Materials Performance Feb 2000
EN 12473:2000 - General principles of
cathodic protection in sea water
EN 12499:2003 - Internal cathodic
protection of metallic structures
NACE RP0100-2000 Cathodic Protection
of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder
Pipelines
BS 7361-1:1991 - Cathodic Protection
SAE International Paper No. 912270
Robert Baboian, State of the Art in
Automobile Cathodic Protection,
 Proceedings of the 5th Automotive
Corrosion and Prevention Conference, P-
250, Warrendale, PA, USA, August 1991
US Army Corps of Engineers,
Engineering manual 1110-2-2704, 12
July 2004

External links
Cathodic Protection Introduction Video
NACE International (formerly the
National Association of Corrosion
Engineers) - Introduction to Cathodic
Protection
Institute of Corrosion - A technical
society based in the UK
 Glossary - A comprehensive glossary of
cathodic protection and corrosion terms
Cathodic Protection 101 - Cathodic
Protection 101, a beginner's guide
National Physics Laboratory - Short
introductory paper on cathodic
protection
USDOT CFR 192.112 - USDOT
regulations CFR 192.112 requiring the
use on non-shielding corrosion coating
systems on steel pipe using alternative
maximum allowable operation pressure.

Retrieved from
"[Link]
title=Cathodic_protection&oldid=900811050"

Last edited 1 month ago by an anon…

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.