APPLIED MECHANICS (CE 451)
Course Outline
1. Introduction [3 marks (T)]
2. Basic Concept in Statics and Static Equilibrium [8 marks (T+N)]
3. Force acting on Particle and Rigid body [(8-10) marks (N)+ (3-4) marks (T)]
4. Center of Gravity, Centroid and Moment of Inertia [(8-10) marks (N) + 4
marks (T)]
5. Friction [ 5marks(T or N)]
6. Analysis of Beam and Frames [14 marks (N)]
7. Analysis of Plane truss [8 marks (N) or (N+ T (2)]
8. Kinematics of Particle and Rigid body [ 10 marks (N)]
9. Kinetics of Particles and Rigid Body [8 marks (N) + 2 marks (T)]
Marks Distribution
Full marks: 100 marks
Final marks: 80 marks
Internal marks: 20 marks [First assessment = 4 marks; Second
assessment = 6 marks ; Attendance = 5 marks ; Assignment = 5 marks]
Course Books
• Applied Mechanics for Engineers: Dr. Hari Ram Parajuli and Er. Sudan
Neupane
• Applied Mechanics: Rajan Suwal
• Applied Mechanics: R.S, Khurmi and [Link]
• Vector Mechanics for Engineers (Statics): Beer and Johnston
• Course Manual on Applied Mechanics I (Statics) by Mahendra Raj
Dhital
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Definition and scope of Applied Mechanics
1.2 Concept of Rigid and Deformable Bodies
1.3 Fundamental concepts and principles of Mechanics : Newtonian
Mechanics
1.4 System of units
1.5 Review of vector algebra
What is Applied mechanics
Mechanics: The science which describes the response of various particles or
bodies under the action of external forces or mechanical disturbances
(forces, moments, couple).
It deals with the forces and their effect on bodies on which they act whether
at rest or in motion.
Applied Mechanics:
• It is a systematic study of different laws and principles of mechanics along
with their application to different engineering problems.
• Applied mechanics describes the behavior of a body, in either a beginning
state of rest or of motion, subjected to the action of forces.
• It forms the foundations for engineering applications.
Engineering mechanics explains how material behave under load.
Engineering Mechanics
Mechanics of Solids Mechanics of Fluids
Rigid bodies Deformable bodies Ideal fluids Viscous Compressible
fluids fluids
Statics Dynamics Strength of Theory of Theory of Plasticity
material Elasticity
Kinematics Kinetics
Statics:
▪ Branch of mechanics which deals with bodies at rest
▪ Study of internal and external forces
Dynamics:
▪ Branch of mechanics which deals with bodies in motion
▪ Study of changes in momentum
▪ The study of Dynamics has been further divided into: Kinetics and
Kinematics
Kinematics:
▪ Branch of mechanics which deals with motion of bodies without
considering the forces which causes the motion
▪ It is used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration and time without
reference to the cause of motion.
▪ It describes motion using equation of motion
Kinetics:
▪ It describes motion and its cause
▪ It describes the relation between force, mass and motion of body without
equations
▪ It combines the concept of Kinematics and the forces that causes the
motion
Scope of Applied mechanics in Electrical
• To have the background knowledge of statics, loads and stresses
;beams and frames while design of electrical (wiring) system in
building ,electrical devices, mechanical components encountered in
engineering etc.
Scope of Applied mechanics in Electronics and
Computer
• To know the law of mechanics while design of Analytical software like
SAP, ETABS for the design and analysis of many types of structural
members
Scope of Applied mechanics in Civil engineering
• Basics for study and understand structural analysis and engineering
design of different components of buildings and bridges.
• Applied mechanics, bridges the gap between physical theory and its
application to technology.
1.2 Concept of Rigid and Deformable bodies
▪ Rigid body is the one which do not change its geometrical
configuration(shape and size) when subjected to forces.
▪ The word ‘Rigid’ means ‘unchanged’.
▪ No solid body is perfectly rigid as everybody changes its shape and
size under the effect of forces acting on it (e.g. shoe sole, cricket ball
deform when struck by bat, etc.)
▪ The deformation i.e. change in shape and size under the effect of
force is very small and hence considered as rigid body.(e.g. hammer)
▪ Rigid body can be considered as a combination of large number of
particles in which the distance between any two particles remain
constant.
Deformable body
• A body is said to be deformable if it deforms or changes its shape and
size when subjected to forces.
• An elastic body undergoes deformation but with removal of load
regains its original shape.
• A plastic body undergoes large deformation and do not return to
original position after removal of load.
• In statics and dynamics studies ,we assume solid bodies to be rigid as
most bodies deform little such that deformation has minimal impact
on analysis.
1.3 Fundamental concepts and principles of
mechanics :Newtonian Mechanics
• Aristotle, Archimedes have already worked on mechanics before
Newton.
• Newton has formulated the fundamental principles of mechanics
which is still being used in todays engineering science.
• The four fundamental concepts used in mechanics are: Space, time
,mass and force.
• It is not easy to define these concepts ,only their precise meaning are
taken in the principle and equation of mechanics.
• The concept of space is associated with the position of a point which
is described using coordinates (x,y,z) relative to origin ‘O’; defined by
three lengths measured from ‘O’ in three given directions.
Y
Particle(x,y,z)
O X
Z
• To define an event ,not only position in space is determined but also
time at which event occurs must be recorded.
• Mass is used to characterize and compare bodies on the basis of
experiment. It is also used to characterize the relationship between
acceleration of body and the forces acting on that body(Newton’s
law).
• Force represents the action which cause the body to accelerate .It is
characterized by its point of application, its magnitude and its
direction.
• In Newtonian Mechanics ,space ,time and mass are independent to
each other, (however in Einstein’s theory time of event depend upon
its position and also mass varies with its velocity E= mc²).
• Also, resultant force is not independent of each other in Newtonian
mechanics ,force is related to mass of the body and mass varies with
its velocity.
F=ma
Principles of Mechanics:
These are six fundamental principles of mechanics ,they are;
[Link] parallelogram law of forces
[Link] principle of transmissibility of force
[Link] first law of motion
[Link]’s second law of motion
5. Newton's third law of motion
6. Newton's law of gravitation
Parallelogram law of forces :
• It states that “If two forces acting at a point be represented in
magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram
then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that point.”
• It is used to determine the resultant of two forces acting at a point in
a plane inclined to each other at an angle.
A
C
Q R
𝑅 =𝑃 +𝑄
Ɵ R²=P²+Q²+2PQcosƟ
β 𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ
O B E tanβ=
P 𝑃+𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠Ɵ
[Link] of transmissibility of forces
▪ The state of rest or motion of rigid body is unaltered if a force acting
on the body is replaced by another force of same magnitude and
direction but acting anywhere on the body along the line of action of
applied forces.
▪ There occurs no change in equilibrium of the body.
= 𝑃1 = 𝑃1
A 𝑃1 A B 𝑃1 𝑃1
B A B
Limitations of transmissibility of force
• The principle of transmissibility of forces will only be applicable for
rigid bodies when only external effects of forces are considered. This
is because the external effects of the force will be independent of the
point of application of force along the line of action of the force.
• Hence this principle will not be applicable when the internal forces
are considered and when the body is deformable.
[Link]’s three fundamental laws(Formulated by
Sir Issac Newton)
❖Newton’s first law: “Everybody continues to be in state of rest or in
uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an external force”. It is also
known as ‘Law of inertia’ e.g. stationary object on table do not move
unless force is applied
❖Newton’s second law :
“The rate of change of linear momentum is directly proportional to the
applied force which takes place in the direction of applied force.”
𝑑(𝑣−𝑢)
F=m *
𝑑𝑡
F=m*a
Initial momentum , 𝑃𝑖 =m.u u v
F m m
Final momentum , 𝑃𝑓 =m.v
𝑑𝑃
According to Newton’s second law of motion , F α
𝑡
𝑃𝑖− 𝑃𝑓
F α
𝑡
𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
F α
𝑑𝑡
𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
F α
𝑑𝑡
F α ma
F = [Link]
F = ma (K=1)
❖Newton’s third law: “To every action ,there is equal and opposite
reaction. It is also known as Action-reaction law.
e.g. rocket launching ,jump from the ground
4. Newton’s law of Gravitation
“Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of distance separating them.”
𝑚1 .𝑚2
Fα 2
r
𝑟
𝑚1 .𝑚2
F= G. 2 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑟
where G=Universal gravitational constant
(6.67*10−11 Nm²/kg²)
Mechanics of fluid
• Branch of applied mechanics which deals with the forces and their
effect on fluid and forces created by fluid.
• Divided into two categories: Mechanics of liquid and Mechanics of
gases
• Hydrostatics: Mechanics which deals with statics of water
• Hydrodynamics: Mechanics which deals with dynamic behavior of
water
System of unit
Three fundamental quantities : Mass(m),length(l)and time(t)
a) FPS system: foot-pound-second
b) CGS system: centimeter-gram-second
c) MKS system: meter-kilogram-second
d) International system of units: SI units(m-kg-sec-ampere-candela-
degree Celsius)
Review of Vector Algebra
[Link]/Scalar product: If A and B are two vectors ,Ɵ be the angle between
them then dot product is defined as;
Ԧ
𝐴.𝐵=| Ԧ
𝐴|.|𝐵|.cosƟ
=A.B. cosƟ
Properties of Scalar Product:
Ԧ
a. 𝐴.𝐵= 𝐵. 𝐴Ԧ (Commutative law)
Ԧ
b. 𝐴(𝐵+ Ԧ 𝐴.𝐵+
𝐶)= Ԧ 𝐴. Ԧ 𝐶Ԧ (Distributive law)
c. 𝑖Ԧ.Ԧ𝑖 = 𝑗Ԧ.Ԧ𝑗 = 𝑘.𝑘 = 1
d. 𝑖Ԧ.Ԧ𝑗 = 𝑗Ԧ.𝑘 = 𝑘.Ԧ𝑖 = 0
If 𝐴Ԧ . 𝐵 =0 and A and B =0 then A and B are orthogonal vector
(perpendicular).
[Link] /vector product
• If 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 are two vectors, Ɵ is the angle between them then cross
product is defined as;
Ԧ = |𝐴|.|𝐵|.sinƟ. n̂
𝐴×𝐵 ; n̂ = unit vector
Resultant of cross product of two vector is also a vector so called as vector
product.
Properties of vector product: 𝑘
a. 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = -𝐵 × 𝐴 𝑖Ԧ
b. 𝐴Ԧ ×( 𝐵 + 𝐶) Ԧ = 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐶Ԧ
c. 𝑖Ԧ × 𝑖Ԧ = 𝑗Ԧ × 𝑗Ԧ = 𝑘 × 𝑘 = 0 𝑗Ԧ
d. 𝑖Ԧ × 𝑗 = 𝑘 ; 𝑗Ԧ × 𝑘 =Ԧ𝑖 ; 𝑘 × 𝑖Ԧ = 𝑗Ԧ
If 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴1 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐴2 𝑗Ԧ +𝐴3 𝑘 and 𝐵 = 𝐵1 𝑖Ԧ + 𝐵2 𝑗Ԧ +𝐵3 𝑘 then
𝑖Ԧ 𝑗Ԧ 𝑘
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3
Triangle law of forces:
“If two forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in
magnitude and direction by the two sides of triangle taken in order
then their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by
the third side taken in opposite order.”
𝑃
𝑅= 𝑃+ 𝑄
By triangle law, 𝑅 𝑄
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
= = 𝐹2
α
𝐹3
𝑠𝑖𝑛α 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝞬 𝑠𝑖𝑛β
β
𝐹1
Lami’s theorem (named after Bernard Lamy)
“If a body is in equilibrium under the action of three forces ,then each
force is proportional to the sine of angle between the other two
forces.” P Q
Let P, Q ,R be the three concurrent forces in
equilibrium,
Q
180-𝞫 R
In triangular form, P 180-𝞪
180-𝞬
R
Applying sine rule ,we get,
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= =
sin(180−β) sin(180−Υ) sin(180−α)
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= =
sin β sin Υ sin α
Resolution of forces ;
𝑅𝑥 = R cosα (Incase X and Y are perpendicular to each other)
𝑅𝑦 = R sinα Y R
In terms of angle β
𝑅𝑥 = R sinβ β
α
𝑅𝑦 = R cosβ X
END OF CHAPTER ONE
