476 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19)
OPENING PROBLEM
A wooden bowl is made in the shape of a paraboloid. y
p
We start with the curve y = 4 x for 0 6 x 6 4, then
rotate this curve through 360± around the x-axis. x
4
DEMO
Things to think about:
y
a If we take a vertical slice of the bowl, what shape do
we obtain?
b Can you explain why the capacity of the bowl is given x
Z 4
p
by ¼(4 x)2 dx?
0
c Hence find the capacity of the bowl.
We have already seen how definite integrals can be related to the areas between functions and the x-axis.
In this chapter we explore this relationship further, and consider other applications of integral calculus
such as kinematics and volumes of solids of revolution.
A THE AREA UNDER A CURVE
We have already established in Chapter 18 that:
If f (x) is positive and continuous on the interval y y¡=¡f(x)
a 6 x 6 b, then the area bounded by y = f (x), the
x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is
Z b Z b
given by A = f(x) dx or y dx.
a a
a b x
Example 1 Self Tutor
Find the area of the region enclosed by y = 2x, the x-axis, x = 0, and x = 4 by using:
a a geometric argument b integration.
Z 4
y
a b Area = 2x dx
y¡=¡2x Area = 1
£4£8 0
8 2 £ ¤4
= 16 units2 = x2 0
= 42 ¡ 02
4 x = 16 units2
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19) 477
Example 2 Self Tutor
Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x2 + 1, the x-axis,
x = 1, and x = 2.
Z 2
y y = x2 + 1 Area = (x2 + 1) dx It is helpful to
1 sketch the region.
· ¸2
x3
= +x
3 1
¡8 ¢ ¡ ¢
x = 3 + 2 ¡ 13 + 1
1 2
= 3 13 units2
GRAPHING
We can check this result using a graphics calculator or PACKAGE
graphing package. GRAPHICS
CALCUL ATOR
INSTRUCTIONS
TI-nspire
Casio fx-CG20 TI-84 Plus
Example 3 Self Tutor
Find the area enclosed by one arch of the curve y = sin 2x and the x-axis.
2¼
The period of y = sin 2x is 2 = ¼, so the first positive x-intercept is ¼2 .
Z ¼2
y
The required area = sin 2x dx
0
h i ¼2
1
y = sin 2x = 2 (¡ cos 2x)
0
¼ ¼
x h i ¼2
2 = ¡ 12 cos 2x
0
= ¡ 12 (cos ¼ ¡ cos 0)
2
= 1 unit
478 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19)
EXERCISE 19A
1 Find the area of each of the regions described below by using:
i a geometric argument ii integration
a y = 5, the x-axis, x = ¡6, and x = 0
b y = x, the x-axis, x = 4, and x = 5
c y = ¡3x, the x-axis, x = ¡3, and x = 0
d y = ¡x, the x-axis, x = 0, and x = 2
2 Find the exact value of the area of the region bounded by: Use technology to check
a y = x2 , the x-axis, and x = 1 your answers.
b y = sin x, the x-axis, x = 0, and x = ¼
c y = x3 , the x-axis, x = 1, and x = 4
d y = ex , the x-axis, the y-axis, and x = 1
e the x-axis and the part of y = 6 + x ¡ x2 above the x-axis
p
f the axes and y = 9 ¡ x
1
g y= , the x-axis, x = 1, and x = 4
x
1
h y= , the x-axis, x = 1, and x = 3
x
1
i y = 2 ¡ p , the x-axis, and x = 4
x
j y = ex + e¡x , the x-axis, x = ¡1, and x = 1
3 Find the area enclosed by one arch of the curve y = cos 3x and the x-axis.
4 Write down an expression for the area of each region described by the following boundaries. Use
technology to calculate the area.
a y = ln x, the x-axis, x = 1, and x = 4
b y = x sin x, the x-axis, x = 1, and x = ¼2
c y = x2 e¡x , the x-axis, x = 0, and x = 2:8 .
Z b
INVESTIGATION f (x) dx AND AREAS
a
Z b
Does f (x) dx always give us an area?
a
What to do:
Z 1 Z 1
1 Find x3 dx and x3 dx.
0 ¡1
2 Explain why the first integral in 1 gives an area, whereas the second integral does not. Graphical
evidence is essential.
Z 0
3 Find x3 dx and explain why the answer is negative.
¡1
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19) 479
Z 0 Z 1 Z 1
4 Check that x3 dx + x3 dx = x3 dx.
¡1 0 ¡1
Z ¡1
5 Find x3 dx and interpret its meaning.
0
6 Suppose f(x) is a function such that f(x) 6 0 for all a 6 x 6 b. Can you suggest an
expression for the area between the curve and the function for a 6 x 6 b?
B THE AREA BETWEEN TWO FUNCTIONS
If two functions f(x) and g(x) intersect at
x = a and x = b, and f (x) > g(x) for all
a 6 x 6 b, then the area of the shaded region
between their points of intersection is given by
Z b
A= [f (x) ¡ g(x)] dx.
a A
Alternatively, if the upper and lower functions
are y = yU and y = yL respectively, then
the area is
Z b
A= [yU ¡ yL ] dx.
a
¡0¢
Proof: If we translate each curve vertically through k until it is completely above the
x-axis, the area does not change.
Area of shaded region
y¡=¡f(x)¡+¡k Z b Z b
= [f (x) + k] dx ¡ [g(x) + k] dx
a a
Z b
y¡=¡g(x)¡+¡k = [f (x) ¡ g(x)] dx
a
a b x
We can see immediately that if y = f(x) = 0 y
Z b y¡=¡g(x)
then the enclosed area is [¡g(x)] dx
a
Z b
x
or ¡ g(x) dx.
a
a b
y = f(x) = 0
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480 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19)
Example 4 Self Tutor
Z b
Use [yU ¡ yL ] dx to find the area bounded by the x-axis and y = x2 ¡ 2x.
a
The curve cuts the x-axis when y = 0 y
) x2 ¡ 2x = 0
) x(x ¡ 2) = 0
) x = 0 or 2
yU¡=¡0
) the x-intercepts are 0 and 2.
Z 2
Area = [yU ¡ yL ] dx 2 x
0
Z 2
yL¡=¡x2¡-¡2x
= [0 ¡ (x2 ¡ 2x)] dx
0
Z 2
= (2x ¡ x2 ) dx
0
· ¸2
2 x3
= x ¡
3
0
¡ ¢
= 4 ¡ 83 ¡ (0)
4
) the area is 3 units2 .
Example 5 Self Tutor
Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x + 2 and y = x2 + x ¡ 2.
y = x + 2 meets y = x2 + x ¡ 2
where x2 + x ¡ 2 = x + 2 Z 2
) x2 ¡ 4 = 0
Area = [yU ¡ yL ] dx
) (x + 2)(x ¡ 2) = 0 ¡2
) x = §2 Z 2
= [(x + 2) ¡ (x2 + x ¡ 2)] dx
¡2
y Z 2
y = x2 + x - 2
= (4 ¡ x2 ) dx
¡2
· ¸2
x3
2 = 4x ¡
3
¡2
-2 x ¡ 8
¢ ¡ 8
¢
1 2 = 8¡ 3 ¡ ¡8 + 3
y=x+2 -2 = 10 23 units2
) the area is 10 23 units2 :
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19) 481
Example 6 Self Tutor
Find the total area of the regions contained by y = f (x) and the x-axis for
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 ¡ 3x.
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 ¡ 3x
y¡=¡x3¡+2x2¡-¡3x y
= x(x2 + 2x ¡ 3)
= x(x ¡ 1)(x + 3)
) y = f (x) cuts the x-axis at 0, 1, and ¡3.
Total area -3
Z 0 Z 1 1 x
3 2
= (x + 2x ¡ 3x) dx ¡ (x3 + 2x2 ¡ 3x) dx
¡3 0
· ¸0 · ¸1
x4 2x3 3x2 x4 2x3 3x2
= + ¡ ¡ + ¡
4 3 2 4 3 2 0
¡ ¢ ¡ 7¡3 ¢
= 0 ¡ ¡11 14 ¡ ¡ 12 ¡0
= 11 56 units2
The area between the functions f(x) and g(x) on the interval a 6 x 6 b is
Rb
A = a jf(x) ¡ g(x)j dx.
The modulus ensures the two components of the area are added together.
For example, the area in Example 6 may be found using technology using GRAPHICS
Z 1 CALCUL ATOR
¯ 3 ¯ INSTRUCTIONS
area = ¯x + 2x2 ¡ 3x¯ dx.
¡3
TI-nspire
Casio fx-CG20 TI-84 Plus
EXERCISE 19B
1 Find the exact value of the area bounded by:
a the x-axis and y = x2 + x ¡ 2
b the x-axis, y = e¡x ¡ 1, and x = 2
c the x-axis and the part of y = 3x2 ¡ 8x + 4 below the x-axis
3¼
d y = cos x, the x-axis, x = ¼2 , and x = 2
e y = x3 ¡ 4x, the x-axis, x = 1, and x = 2
f y = sin x ¡ 1, the x-axis, x = 0, and x = ¼2
g one arch of y = sin2 x and the x-axis.
482 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19)
2 Find the area of the region enclosed by y = x2 ¡ 2x and y = 3.
3 Consider the graphs of y = x ¡ 3 and y = x2 ¡ 3x.
a Sketch the graphs on the same set of axes.
b Find the coordinates of the points where the graphs meet.
c Find the area of the region enclosed by the two graphs.
p
4 Determine the area of the region enclosed by y = x and y = x2 .
5 a On the same set of axes, graph y = ex ¡ 1 and y = 2 ¡ 2e¡x , showing axes intercepts
and asymptotes.
b Find algebraically the points of intersection of y = ex ¡ 1 and y = 2 ¡ 2e¡x .
c Find the area of the region enclosed by the two curves.
6 Determine exactly the area of the region bounded by y = 2ex , y = e2x , and x = 0.
7 On the same set of axes, draw the graphs of the functions y = 2x and y = 4x2 .
Determine exactly the area of the region enclosed by these functions.
8 Sketch the circle with equation x2 + y 2 = 9.
p
a Explain why the upper half of the circle has equation y = 9 ¡ x2 .
Z 3
p
b Hence, determine 9 ¡ x2 dx without actually integrating the function.
0
c Check your answer using technology.
9 Find the area enclosed by the function y = f(x) and the x-axis for:
a f (x) = x3 ¡ 9x b f(x) = ¡x(x ¡ 2)(x ¡ 4) c f (x) = x4 ¡ 5x2 + 4.
10 The illustrated curves are those of y = sin x and y
y = sin(2x). A
C1
a Identify each curve. C2
b Find algebraically the coordinates of A. x
¼ 2¼
c Find the total area enclosed by C1 and C2 for
0 6 x 6 ¼.
11 a Explain why the total area shaded is not equal to y
Z 7
f(x) dx.
1 x
1 3 5 7
b Write an expression for the total shaded area in terms
of integrals.
y = f(x)
12 y The illustrated curves are y = cos(2x) and
A E y = cos2 x.
C1
a Identify each curve as C1 or C2 .
B C D x b Determine the coordinates of A, B, C, D, and E.
c Show that the area of the shaded region is
¼ 2
C2 2 units .
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APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION (Chapter 19) 483
13 Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the areas of the regions enclosed by the curves:
2
a y = e¡x and y = x2 ¡ 1 b y = xx and y = 4x ¡ 1 4
10 x
14 The shaded area is 0:2 units2 . 15 The shaded area is 1 unit2 .
Find k, correct to 4 decimal places. Find b, correct to 4 decimal places.
y y
1 y= x
1 y=
1 + 2x
1 k x b x
16 The shaded area is 6a units2 . y
Find the exact value of a. y =x 2 + 2
-a a x
C KINEMATICS
DISTANCES FROM VELOCITY GRAPHS
Suppose a car travels at a constant positive velocity of 60 km h¡1 for 15 minutes.
We know the distance travelled = speed £ time speed ¡(km¡h-1)
= 60 km h¡1 £ 1
4 h v(t)¡=¡60
60
= 15 km.
When we graph speed against time, the graph is a horizontal
line, and we can see that the distance travelled is the area
shaded. Qr time (t hours)
Z 1
4
So, the distance travelled can also be found by the definite integral 60 dt = 15 km.
0
Now suppose the speed decreases at a constant rate so that speed (km¡h-1)
the car, initially travelling at 60 km h¡1 , stops in 6 minutes
1 60
or 10 hour. v(t) = 60 - 600t
In this case the average speed is 30 km h¡1 , so the distance time
travelled = 30 km h¡1 £ 10 1
h (t hours)
1
= 3 km 10
1
But the triangle has area = 2 £ base £ altitude
1 1
= 2 £ 10 £ 60 = 3
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