MGc-Gurset-Advancad Engineer) Mathematics Lecturec) Asst. Prof Adawiiys Al Hameah Energy Engineeniny Departments _pebinttion . Mabrices A veckangular- arrangement of mn numbers g in ™ ows enclosed withia a bracket is called a a nN Columns oi matrix + We shall danote matrices by capital letters as A B, C_etc- WZ ou O12 ----- Sn ayn Amz -—-~ Arf En Ais amakrix of order mx At row J column element of the matrix denoted by Oy Special Types of Mobrices: 1) Sepuare mak 5 of rows are equa to number of a matrix 10 which number: columns &5 call a sore for examples Q- 10 an a2 G3 ayy Ae ~2 3 a2) O22 O23 7 BE {any are yp cz dys 20 THK > A= Jiar age O32 3*3 ard be 4 square makrix A= ayy] is called « diagonah matrix rf n& iS Bere. each of its Nor— diago eleme for examples 3— OA o °o 2 e a A= le a22 3 ? B=)]o -3 0 oo 9 o 0 033 ©3) Tdents matrix rig whose dagorek elements are equal to 1 pa dlago Is Anyi idenb ts makrix ay clenated by Thee Is ALj= ie ‘ ial for examples - a r-[2 43] ? 1-[2 ] oo | 4) Upper ervang war madrixe be a upper triangulas matrik if A syuare. mak rik said to ayy =? if £5 for examples 3- 2 0 8 ail Az ca | B= lS = Oy ‘ eee , = ‘ war man matrix tf 5) Lower tria 2 lower triengular— re makrix said te be % A sys aie ag jz? if £45- for examples 3 - —t ° 2°? ge: |7 2° 2 OW as arr~o \ ? 9 6 az 923 © 6) Synmelenic metre makrix Az ior ‘said to nd ) - A syvare i all 4 @ : Ba |[F2 Si aye for 4 3) 5 be a sy member cf any for examples 3- ay NZ | A= az A2r 23 E a23 %33 @9) Skew ~ Symmebnic matn'x A sefoare mokrin Az {ad sod to be a stew- symmekre. ip ayy = ale for all Land J - br examples 3 - oy AZ a3) i 73 t A= HGyz ALA ALB ? Be z AlZ-a23 933 See 8) Zero matrix (nel makrix) A mob ix whose all elemenks are Zero is allea as 2ere matrix ond order NK M Eero matrix denoted by Onan for examples? 0 0 00.8 0 = 05 3x2 [3 3] 2 23 [: < | Row vector A matrix consists & Single vow Is alled «5 a row yeckor or— row mateix- for examples’ - Az [ou az a3] 2 B= (+ Re -3| 10) Column veckor- vaakrix consists & Single colam or columa matrix » for examples 3 - 9 Ae [| » 8% [=] ag) oS called a Column vector U1) Unit mat nix separa natin in which He principal Alagonah elements are unity and the remaining elemats are Bere i's call a unit matrix for examples 3- 1 t=] 9| g In= lo ‘| 801 @Metrix Algebra Let K be asclar than scalar oduct of matrix A=Pys given denoted by KA and given bs an ae Ba Bema KA = es a a at |; B kam Kama == Kann for enamplere If k23 aad azo yy = ys ‘ ? [s 5 3 | Pind Kas 2( -! ee a kn=B= 3|2 3 |: ° 2 8 4 5 2 121s Z . 2) Addition of two matnices Lek A= [or53 ann and B = bi 5 | on are two maknices with n ' two matrices are given Lb some order then Sum of the B - ath, at bie ----— Aint bin ArB= C= \ ‘ ; ‘, mtg bm, Aqzt oma -~— 7 77 Sati for example e- a so eos _ \f ae fs | a -|", 1 | B 2? _ ‘ Find AFP gg care 842) rE : ‘| A+B=C= | 4-l 5+) 448)” 2 Subtraction of- two makni'ces Tat, ond 6 =[bxJ) oo tue makrices Lek A= [xsd Exibana subbrack oP the wo matrices are given bys with some order then Bee ae alice aes Ain — bin A-B=C= ‘ \ ‘ \ \ ; , am -bmy am—bme J Amn — bmn Por example % - oe: -y) 2 3 Eyes 2 , eR? if a= [34 i and e-|423| find A-B ! ce fh Le fe F ES Bao = ish aan zlé | A i aes 4nultiphicakion of two makrices o maknices A B are said to be confimable Lo Pro wok AB F aumber oF alum i fh eHotls te the ee oft rows 17 matnx B. Let A= [OLS] men and B=[bc Jann n be two matrices the product matrix C= AB: for example %- : 23 ip Az] o 2s 3 *| ond B=] 2 | Finck AB? iqrgoneHeCDaCt #C1) e342KOC3)C2)t 4@3) A-B=C? [ crarcsyeHeneriey ok 34-5) kO+CICDHI C3) [Re 7] 8) Inbegral power of maknices : Tet & be a Syuare marin Gordan and m be positive inkeqe c thon we define 3- Ne Aw Awa -----A for example 3 2 iF Ae | a fied A ,o2qyr 2 tel42C0) (K2+2%4 Ae ope [i a ic > yale 4EY GOR HRY 10 a ° Bz ):s 4 The transpose of makrix A= [ans] men igthe matrix obtained by writting tha ews columns. t a that's A= [ajc] nem_> A y for example e- tf As [5 a g | find A t -2 2 iz £ s 5 ] 3 A= A= [: my =| 5 Cm times matt iphcation) & fof written A or AerA of. A tn order as |8) Trace of da Matrix, ie A= [asi] man 1S Square mekrix of arden + , rece off mekni'x 5 3- when 650 Tace = Zager ze = a, +t 3 + -~77 San for example 3- IF A= Nad fl find Trace A 2 é 3 Trace A= 3404+2+C3) = 2 Jex Cnjugee of & matrix my makrix > then the complex conjugale. of A is A by their Complex Con~ oA Is 4 obtained b replacing the element of jugates (7 for exam le 3- _ 2+3e Ita ; = 7 if A= Ee i | find AY D 2-34. Ink te [se a ok | raapuare matrix, thin the number Leb A= pe mxn lal called dberminant of the makrix A. for examples ae an OP Let A= [ess ae | then VAl= less a Com = Ay KAZ — HH y R422 — AWK zh eb bu bie bis bee b bet leé B= | & boa bag | then [BI= bir] bsz bas bi ba t+ b3) b32 b33 bes be bi3 | b3) b32' \Bl=2 bu (bo2 *b33- L2za b3z — bi 2 Char b33~ & b13 (barxbs2—b22¥b3!) OD 23% b3)) +Note3. If egample if Le | ad { a= [4 eo 3 204 ees 1-2 lal | 1 oa 3 \Al = -3414- Minor amatri'x Lee A= [Oc5} ma of a mabe’ for example & es lal=o then A 1s Singular MaXtr~ tho A is non sing wha makri's 3| find 1A ? ue =1 Joxc2)-3 xt afe C2)- 3n3] + 4 [evel - ox3 | 4 oF non= Singular matrox, co ' a spar makes Then Myj 15 Sm inOr aiz 413 If Ae Qe) azz 423 Then 3- a3) a3z 933 KU AZZ M OL) ALS M “lo a22\ a ~ Ov My = | 032 Al ya Mim [o31 933 a M3 joss 3 ‘at, 13 Oi Ae aie “13 _ Moc ? Mai= | ase wal y Moe= \az1 a33| 7 23 Yes asx aye 43 Mc ai) a3 me ai Ate 2 Msi [a2 23 \ 9 Mep=lary a23| % 33 far! ae yy = Caen 888-883 57 9 m= (ertasae 22593) 2 ; = = 13-232 Mig (0214327 az242)) ? Maj = (12 938 13 ») , es 032 -AI2G poe = (a 083-013 3) gy Me3= (au 32-42 ay) y min Conees 413 2) M33 Problem 3 (fF AZ | Mgq=@@il 423 -413F21) 9 ai sz!) | Rind the minors of 2 (au a2 g- 3-1 -)2 06 o °° 3 @12) Cofacker— of A MaKNK Coftackor of i z[a25] men EG 4 Cine of Az [asj} en My Gt Lit Ci) M3 men Cofactor A= A= = le ihe c ibe "Mee ifs Ms, Gig. CU M33 - +My - Me + M3 Az |My +M22 — Moz +M3i = M320 + M33 Problem 3 1 Az 5 3 | Wad *n 2 3 oy = a = nspose of- Gfactor- pdjoin 2 A= Di] men = Tn A iT A Ady A= [A] = A Mis - Mei +M31 'As —-M 4 Mer — M32 hash = [ is an Eigen value of A. for example o- Find the Eigen valuzs a pL Ke ae |e 4 2.| -20 S Solukion 3- To Lind the Eigenvalurs » we used 3- nd Brgen veckors ofe- jar-alse | 100 Ror | » - 7 | [34 3]-1e.4 ele | ase St 2 | a = eo. 2. Q-2) [or-a-s)- ox0| - o [sono] + 24 [ono-onyed (n-2)O-DO-5) HORM = 2 ze @-t) favo-9)-4] zo O-4) Px taté] = 2 (a-4) (a-) (A-6) = © re! a Ate + and Azz G because %i CALCAZTo Pind the Eigen Vectors y we have to solve 3- (A- -AT)X 20 ro AEN CD ion ° ~& when y= 252 TLE » |S CHD ee AA 3] | oo x - 2X3 =P > X= 2% | ax, = 0 =e %ezO -2% + 4X3 =? > Ke 2K Te al me Ky 220) = 2 2 ve Ewe vector Ci) Is [FI fe When Aaz= + , | @ s) ( -2 ae :] “| a) (5-4) %| 3 Se = 2k) -2%3 =O Kr =~ X3 amy + My =O eH 2E%)+%X3=O | > %3=0 when X= | ° ooXi= 0 eo Eigen vector (2) Is ii] % When AZ= 6 } = [So 6) é.o 1B aE [2 2| £6 4m xs 2 —> Kj =-015%3 2%, 20 —e X= - 27x; X3 =O > X= -9:9%3 when x)= 1 . “% Xzz-2 | I vo Eigen vector(3) '5 ie, ementsSolubion of System of Linear Equations by Matrix Method 1) Solubisn of linear System AK=B by Tnvevse Makr Consider the Syste oF eqsations tn UnEno wn kip Xt ~~~ 7An OS Ky UVXe FT + Ana = 5) ar Kirt Aone + -- vee = be \ i ‘ ‘ , ‘ "pagans ba be put tn the. nakrix Porm aS 2- Any Ai + AneX2 + The above system can Ax=8 an Oa 7-77 On x, re i 1 ‘1 | ; iss 2 | 9 B=) be } Br where A= [ rot Hy ML ~~ mae an J AX = 8 «A where AAzL = A'8 ekample equations . the syste™ of Uinear my ree + 4%3 = a2 -% + 3X3 7 3x, + Xz -2%3 =F . ‘| 24 i! Be) 4 | » Ke *| ? 4 \ -)-1 © 3 6 \3 ie oa solu&'on sal \al=t#e Solve From Pree ne AR a @ rd pon ~Singslor A= Tal atk ai Xz AS ts * +i 2 28S 4) a rt eaet geil tthe ye bowl Maye > 4.085 reo2) Selubren of Iinear system by using et nke operations Caessstan Elininatiin) Ethntaatiny Suppose the coefficient matrix is of He type mK « That Is We have m exnatibns rh a unknown, example 3- Golwe the follooung System of- linear eefiiackions using matrix method of Gaussian elim/natson » 2m-X2=-7 X14 3%2 = 13 Solution The ang menkecd makrix of the system is 3— 2 ll? 1 3 } 13 Step) s We move the fow, by interchanging wrth Rows. The new saabn'x ts 2 ) 3 ; 13 wv | -S {79 A Row, bo Rowe. Thenew mabkrik is 3 Step(2) 2 Adding -Lhew)) aa 13 i 13 ™~ |. -t ese 7. The new maby ts $- Ste pca) 3 pividing Row 2 On — \ 3 1:13 ~ lo its Step) & Adding “_FRe te Rows The new makrix fs 3- -2 ° rw (. om | vo AS-ze and X2=5 ,{s ) |ekample 3 Find all solutions of the System of linear eHfabions 2%, +3Kz,-AZ= ! 3K) —X2 +3%3 = —! 2%, +%2-%3 = 73 Solution 23 augme i rs 3 nted matrix of the system Stept) 3 pividing Row, 0” 2. The new makrik (S3— 1, 2 Jy 2 3 2 ~\' 13 ir! 21 ch 43 ; step padding - 2 Row to Row 3 and fdding 3 Rowe Row2 +” naw makrix 162 \ ot oat a a rc ~|lo-k 2 1-2 2 2 , 2 Oa en aed i a step (3) 8 pividing Row2 on ~> The new ix (52 = ety (i? Bla a Lo Row 3 and Adding -< Rows grep) 2 Adding 2 Rowe, to Row! are makrix (6 3- 468, _ i 0 Be Tae 2 | nw fo | a04r -181 _ 34stepG) s- Dividing Rows on a. The new VK 1S 2 heron oo eee i In = I 18 ieee step (6) 8- Adding - £ Rowg to Rovry anal Adoling 2 Rots to RoW 2. The new matnx 15 3- nv ° 122 i \ oO 8 fe oO 1 38. ee 1o#1 i |: \ } \ | ot oy = - 2B, S15 55 gxit Z o 0 1 | SH maz 396 22 Kye. Bh = 1.888 “18 Frob le m Eine) tha solution oft the System oft hinear exnakions 3 _ i x+y 2b 4 urs | x+ 52 + 2Uro-2 K+ 2y +E —4ik= 5 am-394E = 4+Sheet CD Exercises “Mokrrces a : 32 . a) ne the syuare matrix A = [| a 5 Is & Singular 14 3 Q.) IF A= [é e =| , determing i) IAI EA) AAs A: Qs) Find the lnverse of the matinix A= [3 : a 206 z[ 2 3], determine Quy) IF A= (eee Ag AAR AEH) aa Qs) consider the matrix Az [* i i 15 F 4) Comp uke tal da) tind Adj A yer) Verify A-GdyA) = Jal. 1 kN) Find RN Q6) Find the possible Value of * con take , 9'ven that 3- “3 £3 61 such that AB= 8A = if aA 7 t-[2 x 3 ch = 3) Find the xX and & values Geom the Pollo wins System Key tbe { 2x+34 44eeS unt gy + 162 25 Qe) 1 matrix A rnc “| pvr Al AxrA ghow that A= PI +4 Qs) Fring the characteristic vectors © 47-3 =H & the Fetlowian makin'x