Multiple Choice Questions

Single Correct Answer Type

Question 1. Which of the following unit is useful in

relating concentration of solution with its vapour
pressure?
(a) Mole fraction (b) Parts per million
(c) Mass percentage (d) Molality
Solution: (a) Mole fraction is useful in’relating vapour
pressure with concentration of solution. According to
Raoult’s law, the partial vapour pressure of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its
mole fraction.
A is one component.

Question 2. On dissolving sugar in water at room

temperature solution feels cool to touch. Under which of
the following case dissolution of sugar will be most
rapid?
(a) Sugar crystals in cold water (b) Sugar crystals in hot
water
(c) Powdered sugar in cold water (d) Powdered sugar in
hot water
Solution: (d) Since the solution is cool to touch, the
dissolution is endothermic. Therefore, high temperature
will favour dissolution. Further, powdered sugar has large
surface area and is favourable for dissolution.

Question 3. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a

solid solute in a volatile liquid
solvent is
(a) less than the rate of crystallisation
(b) greater than the rate of crystallisation
(c) equal to the rate of crystallisation
(d) zero
Solution: (c) At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of
solid solute is equal to rate of crystallisation.

Question 4. A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’.

Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when small
amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is
(a) saturated (b) supersaturated
(c) unsaturated (d) concentrated
Solution: (b) When small amount of solute is added to its
solution and it does not dissolve and get precipitated then
this solution is supersaturated solution.
Question 5. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can
be dissolved in a specified
amount of a given liquid solvent does not depend upon
(a) temperature (b) nature of solute
(c) pressure (d) nature of solvent
Solution: (c) Solubility of a solid in liquid does not
depend on pressure because solid is practically
incompressible.

Question 6. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and

tissues of people living at high altitude is due to
(a) low temperature
(b) low atmospheric pressure
(c) high atmospheric pressure
(d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
Solution: (b) At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure is
less but the body temperature remains same hence
concentration of oxygen in the air as well as blood is less.

Question 7. Considering the formation, breaking and

strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the following
mixture will show a positive deviation from Raoulf s law?
(a) Methanol and acetone (b) Chloroform and acetone
(c) Nitric acid and water (d) Phenol and aniline
Solution: (a) Mixture of Methanol and acetone shows
positive deviation because methanol-methanol and
acetone-acetone interactions are more than methanol-
acetone. The more number of hydrogen bonds are broken
the less number of new H-bonds are formed.

Question 8. Colligative properties depend on

(a) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution
(b) the number of solute particles in solution
(c) the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved
in solution
(d) the nature of solvent particles
Solution: (b) Colligative properties depend upon the
number of solute particles in the solution and independent
of its nature.

Question 9. Which of the following aqueous solution

should have the highest boiling point?
(a) l.OMNaOH (b) 1.0MNa2SO4
(c) 1.0MNH4NO3 (d) l.OMKNO3
Solution: (b) 1.0 M Na2SO4 since it furnishes maximum number
of ions (2Na+ + SO4–).

Question 10. The unit of ebullioscopic constant is , – ;

Solution:
The unit of ebullioscopic constant is K kg mol-1 or K
molality-1.

Question 11. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of

glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M
MgCl2 solution is 1
(a) the same (b) about twice
(c) about three times (d) about six times
Solution: (c) 0.01 M solution of glucose does not ionize
while 0.01 M MgCl2 solution furnishes 3 ions (Mg2+ +
2Cl–) in the solution, hence the value of colligative
property for MgCl2 solution is about 3 times.

Question 12. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated

salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because
(a) it gains water due to osmosis
(b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis
(c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis
(d) it loses water due to osmosis
Solution: (d) Water starts moving out of mango (lower
concentration) to the salt solution (higher concentration)
due to osmosis.
Question 13. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of
a concentrated solution of a substance
(a) is higher than that of a dilute solution
(b) is lower than that of a dilute solution
(c) is same as that of a dilute solution
(d) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute
solution
Solution: (a)

where C is concentration of the solution. So, the higher

the concentration of solution at given temperature the
higher will be the osmotic pressure.

Question 14. Which of the following statement is false?

(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality-
prepared in different solvents will have the same
depression in freezing point.
(b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the
equation 3.14(pi) = CRT (where C is the molarity of the
solution).
(c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M
aqueous solutions of barium chloride, potassium chloride,
acetic acid and sucrose is
BaCl2> KCl > CH2COOH > sucrose
(d) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure
exerted by a volatile component of a solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Solution: (a) Value of A is different for different solvents.
Thus, according to relation,

even for same molal solutions depression in freezing point

will be different.

Question 15. The value of van’t Hoff factor.s for KCl,

NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are
(a) 2, 2 and 2 (b) 2, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 1, and 2 (d) 1, 1 and 1
Solution: (b) KCl (K+ + Cl ) and NaCl (Na+ + Cl ) ionize
to give 2 ions and K2SO4(2K+ + SO4–) ionizes to give 3
ions thus, van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4 are
2, 2 and 3 respectively.

Question 16. Which of the following statement is false?

(a) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure
are the same.
(b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a
semipermeable membrane from a region of lower
concentration of solute to a region of higher
concentration.
(c) The value of molal depression constant depends on
nature of solvent.
(d) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a
dimensionless quantity.
Solution: (b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move
through a semipermeable
membrane from higher concentration of solute to lower
concentration.

Question 17. Value of Henry’s constant KH

(a) increases with increase in temperature
(b) decreases with increase in temperature
(c) remains constant
(d) first increases then decreases
Solution: (a) Value of Henry’s constant increases with
increase in temperature.

Question 18. The value of Henry’s constant KH is

(a) greater for gases with higher solubility
(b) greater for gases with lower solubility
(c) constant for all gases
(d) not related to the solubility of gases
Solution: (b) The higher the value of KH, the lower is the
solubility of gas in the liquid.

Question 19. Consider the figure and mark the correct

option.
(a) Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure
lower than osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B).
(b) Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a
pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston
(B).
(c) Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure
equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B).
(d) Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure
equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (A).
Solution: (b) Water will move from side 3 (concentrated
sodium chloride solution) to side A (fresh water) if a
pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston
B.

Question 20. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl

labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with
concentrations 0.1 M, 0.01 M and 0.001 M, respectively.
The value of van’t Hoff factor for these solutions will be
in the order
Solution: (c) The value of van’t Hoff’s factor will be
iA=iB =iC due to complete dissociation of strong electrolyte (NaCl) in
dilute solutions. On complete dissociation value of i for NaCl is 2.

Question 21. On the basis of information given below

mark the correct option. Information:
(I) In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture
intermolecular interactions of A-A and B-B type are
nearly same as A-B type interactions.
(II) In ethanol and acetone mixture A-A or B-B type
intermolecular interactions are stronger than A-B type
interactions.
(III) In chloroform and acetone mixture A-A or B-B type
intermolecular interactions are weaker than A-B type
interactions.
(a) Solution (II) and (III) will follow Raoult’s law.
(b) Solution (I) will follow Raoult’s law.
(c) Solution (II) will show negative deviation from
Raoult’s law.
(d) Solution (III) will show positive deviation from
Raoult’s law.
Solution: (b) Solution A will follow Raoult’s law due to
nearly same interactions between A-A, B-B and A-B. The
solution formed will be nearly ideal.
Question 22. Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were
taken. One of these beakers, labelled “A”, was filled with
400 mL water whereas’the beaker labelled “B” was filled
with 400 mL of 2 M solution of NaCl. At the same
temperature both the beakers were placed in closed
containers of same material and same capacity as shown
in figure.

At a given temperature, which of the following statement

is correct about the vapour pressure of pure water and that
of NaCl solution.
(a) Vapour pressure in container (A) is more than that in
container (B).
(b) Vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that in
container (B).
(c) Vapour pressure is equal in both the containers.
(d) Vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the vapour
pressure in container (A).
Solution: (a) Since NaCl is a non-volatile solute, it will
reduce vapour pressure of the solution. Hence, vapour
pressure of pure water in container A is more than in
container B.
Question 23. If two liquids A and B form minimum
boiling azeotrope at some specific composiiion’hien
(a) A-B interactions are stronger than those between A-A
or B-B.
(b) vapour pressure of solution increases because more
number of molecules of liquids A and B can escape from
the solution.
(c) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less
number of molecules of only one of the liquids escape
from the solution.
(d) A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A
or B-B.
Solution: (d) If A-B interactions < A-A or B-B the vapour
pressure will be more and the result will be positive
deviation. The solutions which show positive deviation
form minimum boiling azeotropes.

Question 24. 4 L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was

diluted by adding one litre of water. The molality of the
resultant solution is
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.008 (c) 0.012 (d) 0.016
Solution:
Question 25. On the basis of information given below,
mark the correct option. Information: On adding acetone
to methanol some of the hydrogen bonds between
methanol molecules break.
(a) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture
will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show
positive deviation from Raoulf s law.
(b) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture
forms maximum boiling azeotrope and will show positive
deviation from Raoulf s law.
(c) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture
will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show-
negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(d) At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture
will form maximum boiling azeotrope and will show
negative deviation from Raoulf s law.
Solution: (a) At specific composition methanol-acetone
mixture will show positive
deviation from Raoulf s law as it has lesser interactions
than methanol- methanol and acetone-acetone
interactions. Hence it forms minimum boiling azeotrope.

Question 26. KH value for Ar(g),CO2(g), HCHO(g) and

CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 x 10.5
and 0.413 respectively.
Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing
solubility.
Solution: (c) The higher the value of KH, the lower is the
solubility of the gas in the liquid. Hence the order of
increasing solubility of the gases will be Ar < CO2<CH4<
HCHO

Question 27. Which of the following factor(s) affect the

solubility of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume of liquid
solvent?
(i) Nature of solute (ii) Temperature
(iii) Pressure
(a) (i) and (iii) at’constant T (b) (i) and (ii) at constant P
(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (iii) only
Solution: (a, b) At constant temperature, the solubility of
a gaseous solute in liquid depends on nature of solute and
pressure. At constant pressure, solubility is dependent
upon nature of solute and temperature.

Question 28. Intermolecular forces between two benzene

molecules are nearly of same strength as those between
two toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and
toluene, which of the following are not true?
Solution: (c, d) For an ideal solution,

and benzene and toluene will form an ideal solution. Also,

ideal solutions do not form minimum boiling azeotropes.

Question 29. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a

colligative property because
(a) it depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte
solute in solution and does not depend on the nature of the
solute molecules.
(b) it depends on number of particles of electrolyte solute
in solution and does not depend on the nature of the solute
particles.
(c) it depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte
solute in solution as well as on the nature of the solute
molecules.
(d) it depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or a
non-electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the nature
of solute molecules
Solution:(a, b) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
depends on concentration of non¬electrolyte solute in
solution and number of particles of electrolyte solute. It
does not depend on nature of solute in both conditions.

Question 30.van’t Hoff factor i is given by the expression

Solution:

Question 31. Isotonic solutions must have the same

(a) solute (b) density
(c) elevation in boiling point (d) depression in freezing
point
Solution:
Isotonic solutions must have same osmotic pressure at a
given temperature hence must have same volume and
number of moles i.e., same molar concentration. Thus, the
isotonic solutions have same elevation in boiling point,
and depression in freezing point.

Question 32. Which of the following binary mixtures will

have same composition in liquid and vapour phase?
(a) Benzene-Toluene (b) Water-Nitric acid
(c) Water-Ethanol (d) 6-Hexane-n-Heptane
Solution: (b, c) Non-ideal solution mixtures with same
composition in liquid and vapour phase are azeotropes.
Water-nitric acid has maximum boiling azeotrope and
water-ethanol has a minimum boiling azeotrope.

Question 33. In isotonic solutions

(a) solute and solvent both are same
(b) osmotic pressure is same
(c) solute and solvent may or may not be same
(d) solute is always same solvent may be different
Solution: (b, c) For isotonic solutions osmotic pressure is
same, solute or solvent may not be same.

Question 34. For a binary ideal liquid solution, the

variation in total vapour pressure versus composition of
solution it given by which of the curves?
Solution: (a,d)for idea solution.

Question 35. Colligative properties are observed when

(a) a non-volatile solid is dissolved in a volatile liquid
(b) a non-volatile liquid is dissolved in an another volatile
liquid
(c) a gas is dissolved in a non-volatile liquid
(d) a volatile liquid is dissolved in an another volatile
liquid
Solution: (a, b) Colligative properties are observed when
a non-volatile solid or liquid are dissolved in a volatile
liquid.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 36. Components of a binary mixture of two

liquids A and B were being separated by distillation. After
some time separation of components stopped and
composition of vapour phase became same as that of
liquid phase. Both the components started coming in the
distillate. Explain why does this happen?
Solution: Since both the components are coming in the
distillate and composition of liquid and vapour phase
become same, this shows that liquids have formed
azeotropic mixture. Therefore, these components cannot
be separated at this stage by distillation.

Question 37. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to

1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases, while
addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water
decreases its boiling point.
Solution: NaCl is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition
of NaCl to water lowers the vapour pressure of water. As
a result boiling point of water increases. On the other
hand, methyl alcohol is more volatile than water,
therefore its addition increases the total vapour pressure
over the solution. As a result, boiling point of water
decreases.

Question 38. Explain the solubility rule “like dissolves

like” in terms of intermolecular forces that exist in
solutions.
Solution: A substance dissolves in a solvent if the
intermolecular interactions are similar in both the
components. For example, polar solutes dissolve in polar
solvents and non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents.
Thus, we can say “like dissolves like”.

Question 39. Concentration terms such as mass

percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are
independent of temperature, however molarity is a
function of temperature. Explain.
Solution: Molarity of a solution is defined as the number
of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Since
volume depends on temperature and changes with change
in temperature, therefore, the molarity will also change
with change in temperature. On the other hand, mass does
not change with change in temperature, and therefore,
concentration terms such as mass percentage, mole
fraction and molality which do not involve volume are
independent of temperature.
Question 40. What is the significance of Henry’s law
constant KH?
Solution: According to Henry’s law:

Thus, the higher is the values of Henry’s law constant, the

lesser will be the solubility of gas in liquid.

Question 41. Why are aquatic species more comfortable

in cold water in comparison to warm water?
Solution: At a given pressure the solubility of oxygen in
water increases with decrease in temperature. Therefore,
the concentration of oxygen in sea is more in cold water
and thus presence of more oxygen at lower temperature
makes the aquatic species more comfortable in cold
water.

Question 42. (a) Explain the following phenomena with

the help of Henry’s law.
(i) Painful condition known as bends.
(ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at
high altitude.
(b) Why does soda water bottle kept at room temperature
fizz on opening?
Solution: (a)
(i) Deep sea divers depend upon compressed air for
breathing at high pressure under water. The compressed
air contains N2 in addition to 02, which are not very
soluble in blood at normal pressure. However, at great
depths when the diver breathes in compressed air from the
supply tank, more N2 dissolves in the blood and other
body fluids because the pressure at that depth is far
greater than the surface atmospheric pressure. When the
diver comes towards the surface, the pressure decreases,
N2 comes out of the body quickly forming bubbles in the
blood stream. These bubbles restrict blood flow, affect the
transmission of nerve impulses. The bubbles can even
burst the capillaries or block them and starve the tissues
of 02. This condition is called the bends, which are
painful and life-threatening.
(ii) At high altitudes the partial pressure of 02 is less than
that at the ground level. This results in low concentration
of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the people living at
high altitudes or climbers. The low blood oxygen causes
climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly
known as anoxia.
(b) To increase the solubility of C02 in soft drinks, the
soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure. When
the bottle is opened at room temperature under normal
atmosphere conditions, the pressure inside the bottle
decreases to atmospheric pressure and excess C02 fizzes
out.
Question 43. Why is the vapour pressure of an aqueous
solution of glucose lower than that of water?
Solution: In pure liquid water, the entire surface of liquid
is occupied by the molecules of water. When a non-
volatile solute, such as glucose is dissolved in water some
of the surface is covered by non-volatile glucose
molecules. Therefore, the fraction of surface covered by
the solvent molecules escaping. As a result
number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface
also gets reduced and consequently the vapour pressure of
aqueous solution of glucose is reduced.

Question 44. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing

the snow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the
phenomenon involved in the process.
Solution: When salt is spread over snow covered roads, it
lowers the freezing point of water to such an extent that
water does not freeze to form ice. As a result, the snow
starts melting from the surface and therefore, it helps in
clearing the roads. Hence, common salt acts as de-icing
agent.

Question 45. What is a “semipermeable membrane”?

Solution: A membrane that permits the flow of solvent
molecules not the solute molecules is called
semipermeable membrane. During osmosis and reverse
osmosis, only solvent molecules move across the
semipermeable membrane.

Question 46. Give an example of a material used for

making semipermeable membrane for carrying out
reverse osmosis.
Solution: Cellulose acetate, potassium ferrocyanide, etc.
are used as semipermeable membrane for carrying out
reverse osmosis.

Matching Column Type Questions

Question 47. Match the items given in Column I and

Column II.
Solution: (i —> d), (ii —> c); (iii—> a); (iv b), (v —> f);
(vi —> e)
(i) Saturated solution: A solution which contains
maximum amounts of solute that can be dissolved in a
given amounts of solute that can be dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a given temperature.
(ii) Binary solution: A solution with two components is
known as binary solution.
(iii) Isotonic solution: A solution having same osmotic
pressure at a given temperature as that of given solution is
known as isotonic solution.
(iv) Hypotonic solution: A solution whose osmotic
pressure is less than another is known as hypotonic
solution.
(v) Solid solution: A solution in solid phase is known as
solid solution.
(vi) Hypertonic solution: A solution whose osmotic
pressure is greater than that of another is known as
hypertonic solution.

Question 48. Match the items given in Column 1 with the

type of solutions given in Column II.

Solution: (i -» e), (ii -» c), (iii -» d); (iv —> b), (v —> a)
(i) Soda water: A solution of gas in liquid, e.g.,CO2 in soft
drinks.
(ii) Sugar solution: A solution of solid in liquid in which
sugar particles (solid) are dissolved in water (liquid).
(iii) German silver: This is an alloy which is a solid
solution of solid in solid. It is an alloy of Cu, Zn and Ni.
(iv) Air: A solution of gas in gas..Air is a mixture of
various gases.
(v) Hydrogen gas in palladium: This is an example of
solution of gas in solid. This is used as a reducing agent.

Question 49. Match the laws given in Column I with

expressions given in Column II.

Solution:

Question 50. Match the terms given in Column I with

expression given in Column II.
Solution. (i —» d), (ii —» c), (iii —» b), (iv -> e), (v ->a)

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A)

followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct answer out of the
following choices:
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and
reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but
reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong.
(d) Assertion and reason both are incorrect.
(e) Assertion is wrong but reason is correct.

Question 51. Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution in

liquid state changes with temperature. Reason (R): The
volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
Solution: (a) Molarity changes with temperature because
volume changes with temperature.

Question 52. Assertion (A): When methyl alcohol is

added to water, boiling point of water increases. Reason
(R): When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent,
elevation in boiling point is observed.
Solution: (d) When methyl alcohol (volatile) is added to
water, boiling point of water decreases because vapour
pressure increases when volatile solute is added to volatile
solvent;

Question 53. Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to

water, a depression in freezing point is observed. Reason
(R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes
depression in the freezing point.
Solution: (a) When a non-volatile solute is added to water,
freezing point lowers due to lowering of vapour pressure.
Question 54. Assertion (A): When a solution is separated
from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane, the
solvent by a semipermeable membrahe, the solvent
molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the
solution side. Reason (R): Diffusion of solvent occurs
from a region of high concentration solution to a region of
low concentration solution.
Solution: (c) Solvent molecules pass through the
semipermeable membrane from region of low
concentration solution to the region of high concentration
solution.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 55. Define the following modes of expressing

the concentration of a solution. Which of these modes are
independent of temperature and why?
(i) w/w (mass percentage)
(ii) x (mole fraction)
(iii) VIV (volume percentage)
(iv) M (molarity)
(v) wIV (mass by volume percentage)
(vi) m (molality)
(vii) ppm (parts per million)
Solution:
Mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are
independent of temperature since mass does not change
with temperature.

Question 56. Using Raoult’s law explain how the total

vapour pressure over the solution is related to mole
traction of components in the given solutions.
(a) CHCl2 andCH4Cl2(l)
(b) NaCl(s) and H2O(l)
Solution:

Question 57. Explain the terms ideal and non-ideal

solutions in the light of forces of interactions operating
between molecules in liquid solutions.
Solution: Ideal solutions: The solutions which obey
Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are
known as ideal solution. For an ideal solution,

Question 58. Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol

by fractional distillation? What general name is given to
binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law
and whose components cannot be separated by fractional
distillation? How many types of such mixtures are there?
Solution: The solution or mixture having same
composition in liquid as well as in vapour phase and boils
at a constant temperature is known as azeotropes. Due to
constant composition it cannot be separated by fractional
distillation. There are two types of azeotropes
(i) Minimum boiling azeotropes: Solution which shows
large positive deviation from Raoult’s law form minimum
boiling azeotropes at a specific composition, e.g., ethanol-
water mixture
(ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes: Solutions which show
large negative deviation from Raoult’s law form
maximum boiling azeotropes, e.g., solution having
composition 68% HN03 and 32% water by mass.

Question 59. When kept in water, raisin swells in size.

Name and explain the phenomenon involved with the help
of a diagram. Give three applications of the phenomenon.
Solution: Raisins swell in size on keeping in water. This
happens due to the phenomenon of osmosis. The outer
skin of raisin acts as a semipermeable membrane. Water
moves from a place of lower concentration to a place of
higher concentration through the semipermeable
membrane. Thus, water enters inside the raisins and make
them swell.

Applications of the phenomenon

 Movement of water from soil into plant roots and

subsequently into upper portion of the plant is
partly due to osmosis.
  Preservation of meat against bacterial action by
adding salt.
 Preservation of fruits against bacterial action by
adding sugar. Bacterium in canned fruit loses water
through the process of osmosis, shrivels and dies.
 Reverse osmosis is used for desalination of water.
Question 60. Discuss biological and industrial importance
of osmosis.
Solution: Some essential importance of osmosis are given
below:

 In animals, circulation of water to all parts of body

takes place due to osmosis.
 Plant roots absorb water from soil due to osmosis.
Concentration of cell sap inside the root hair cells is
higher than that of water present in the soil. Water
enters the root cells due to endosmosis.
 Water absorbed by plant roots is circulated in the
entire plant body and reaches to the top of a tall tree
due to osmosis.
 Osmosis helps in plant growth and germination of
seeds.
 Red blood cells burst when placed in water; it is
due to endosmosis.
 Various functions of plants are controlled by
osmosis, e.g., stretching of leaves and flowers,
opening and closing of flowers.
  Use of salt and sugar in‘pickles and jams acts as
preservatives. It prevents growth of bacteria and
fungi by osmosis.
 Dead bodies swell under water due to endosmosis.
 When dried fruits and vegetables are placed in
water, they slowly swell and return to the original
form. It is again due to endosmosis of water into the
fruits and vegetables.
 Edema: Due to excess intake of salt by a person, the
tissues become puffy, it is called edema. It is due to
retention of water in the tissue owing to osmosis.
Question 61. How can you remove the hard calcium
carbonate layer of the egg without damaging its
semipermeable membrane? Can this egg be inserted into a
bottle with a narrow neck without distorting its shape?
Explain the process involved.
Solution: This can be achieved as under:
(i) Place the egg in a mineral acid solution for about 2
hours. The outershell of the egg dissolves. Remove any
portion of it is left with your fingers.
(ii) Place the egg in a saturated solution (hypertonic) of
sodium chloride for about 3 hours. Size of the egg is
reduced as the egg shrivels due to osmosis.
(iii) Insert the egg in a bottle with a narrow neck. Add
water to the bottle. Water will act as hypotonic solution,
Egg regains shape due to osmosis. This is shown
diagrammatically as under:

Question 62. Why is the molar mass determined by

measuring a colligative property in case of some solutes
abnormal? Discuss it with the help of van’t Hoff factor.
Solution: The compounds which dissociate or associate in
the solvent show abnormal molecular masses.
(i) Association: Compounds like benzoic acid or ethanoic
acid dimerise in benzene due to hydrogen bonding as a
result of which the number of particles in the solution
decreases. Since colligative properties depend upon
number of particles, such solutes show lower colligative
property.
(ii) Dissociation: Electrolytes like NaCl, KC1, etc.
dissociate into ions which result in increased number of
particles, hence higher value of colligative property.
To account for association or dissociation van’t Hoff
introduced a factor T known as van’t Hoff factor. It is
defined as Expected molar mass Abnormal molar mass _
Observed colligative property Calculated colligative
property
Total number of moles of particles _ after
association/dissociation Total number of moles of
particles before association/dissociation