04/04/21

Chapter 20

Induced Voltages and

Inductance
Presented by: Engr. Baguiao

Michael Faraday
n 1791 – 1867
n Great experimental
scientist
n Invented electric
motor, generator
and transformers
n Discovered
electromagnetic
induction
n Discovered laws of
electrolysis

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Faraday’s Experiment –
Set Up
n A current can be produced by a changing
magnetic field
n First shown in an experiment by Michael Faraday
n A primary coil is connected to a battery
n A secondary coil is connected to an ammeter

Faraday’s Experiment
n The purpose of the secondary circuit is to
detect current that might be produced by
the magnetic field
n When the switch is closed, the ammeter
reads a current and then returns to zero
n When the switch is opened, the ammeter
reads a current in the opposite direction
and then returns to zero
n When there is a steady current in the
primary circuit, the ammeter reads zero

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Faraday’s Conclusions
n An electrical current is produced by a
changing magnetic field
n The secondary circuit acts as if a source
of emf were connected to it for a short
time
n It is customary to say that an induced
emf is produced in the secondary circuit
by the changing magnetic field

Magnetic Flux
n The emf is actually induced by a change
in the quantity called the magnetic flux
rather than simply by a change in the
magnetic field
n Magnetic flux is defined in a manner
similar to that of electrical flux
n Magnetic flux is proportional to both the
strength of the magnetic field passing
through the plane of a loop of wire and
the area of the loop

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Magnetic Flux, 2
n You are given a loop
of wire
n The wire is in a
uniform magnetic
field
n The loop has an area
A
n The flux is defined as
n ΦB = B⊥A = B A cos θ
n θ is the angle
between B and the
normal to the plane

Magnetic Flux, 3

n When the field is perpendicular to the plane of

the loop, as in a, θ = 0 and ΦB = ΦB, max = BA
n When the field is parallel to the plane of the
loop, as in b, θ = 90° and ΦB = 0
n The flux can be negative, for example if θ = 180°
n SI units of flux are T. m2 = Wb (Weber)

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Magnetic Flux, final

n The flux can be visualized with respect
to magnetic field lines
n The value of the magnetic flux is
proportional to the total number of
lines passing through the loop
n When the area is perpendicular to the
lines, the maximum number of lines
pass through the area and the flux is a
maximum
n When the area is parallel to the lines,
no lines pass through the area and the
flux is 0

Electromagnetic Induction –
An Experiment
n When a magnet moves
toward a loop of wire, the
ammeter shows the
presence of a current (a)
n When the magnet is held
stationary, there is no
current (b)
n When the magnet moves
away from the loop, the
ammeter shows a current
in the opposite direction (c)
n If the loop is moved instead
of the magnet, a current is
also detected

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Electromagnetic Induction –
Results of the Experiment
n A current is set up in the circuit as
long as there is relative motion
between the magnet and the loop
n The same experimental results are
found whether the loop moves or the
magnet moves
n The current is called an induced
current because is it produced by
an induced emf

Faraday’s Law and

Electromagnetic Induction
n The instantaneous emf induced in a
circuit equals the time rate of change
of magnetic flux through the circuit
n If a circuit contains N tightly wound
loops and the flux changes by ΔΦB
during a time interval Δt, the average
emf induced is given by Faraday’s
Law:
ΔΦ B
ε = −N
Δt

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Faraday’s Law and Lenz’

Law
n The change in the flux, ΔΦB, can be
produced by a change in B, A or θ
n Since ΦB = B A cos θ
n The negative sign in Faraday’s Law is
included to indicate the polarity of the
induced emf, which is found by Lenz’ Law
n The current caused by the induced emf travels
in the direction that creates a magnetic field
with flux opposing the change in the original
flux through the circuit

Lenz’ Law – Example

n The magnetic field,
, becomes
smaller with time
n This reduces the
flux
n The induced
current will
produce an induced
field, , in the
same direction as
the original field

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Application of Faraday’s
Law – Motional emf
n A straight conductor of
length moves
perpendicularly with
constant velocity
through a uniform field
n The electrons in the
conductor experience a
magnetic force
n F=qvB
n The electrons tend to
move to the lower end
of the conductor

Motional emf
n As the negative charges accumulate at the
base, a net positive charge exists at the
upper end of the conductor
n As a result of this charge separation, an
electric field is produced in the conductor
n Charges build up at the ends of the
conductor until the downward magnetic
force is balanced by the upward electric
force
n There is a potential difference between the
upper and lower ends of the conductor

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Motional emf, cont

n The potential difference between the
ends of the conductor can be found by
n ΔV = B v
n The upper end is at a higher potential than
the lower end
n A potential difference is maintained
across the conductor as long as there is
motion through the field
n If the motion is reversed, the polarity of the
potential difference is also reversed

Motional emf in a Circuit

n Assume the moving
bar has zero resistance
n As the bar is pulled to
the right with a given
velocity under the
influence of an applied
force, the free charges
experience a magnetic
force along the length
of the bar
n This force sets up an
induced current
because the charges
are free to move in the
closed path

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Motional emf in a Circuit,

cont
n The changing magnetic
flux through the loop
and the corresponding
induced emf in the bar
result from the change
in area of the loop
n The induced, motional
emf, acts like a battery
in the circuit

Lenz’ Law Revisited –

Moving Bar Example
n As the bar moves to
the right, the magnetic
flux through the circuit
increases with time
because the area of
the loop increases
n The induced current
must be in a direction
such that it opposes
the change in the
external magnetic flux

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Lenz’ Law, Bar Example,

cont
n The flux due to the external field is
increasing into the page
n The flux due to the induced current
must be out of the page
n Therefore the current must be
counterclockwise when the bar moves
to the right

Lenz’ Law, Bar Example,

final
n The bar is moving
toward the left
n The magnetic flux
through the loop is
decreasing with time
n The induced current
must be clockwise to
to produce its own
flux into the page

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Lenz’ Law Revisited,

Conservation of Energy
n Assume the bar is moving to the right
n Assume the induced current is clockwise
n The magnetic force on the bar would be to
the right
n The force would cause an acceleration and
the velocity would increase
n This would cause the flux to increase and
the current to increase and the velocity to
increase…
n This would violate Conservation of
Energy and so therefore, the current
must be counterclockwise

Lenz’ Law – Moving

Magnet Example

n A bar magnet is moved to the right toward a

stationary loop of wire (a)
n As the magnet moves, the magnetic flux increases
with time
n The induced current produces a flux to the
left, so the current is in the direction shown
(b)

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Lenz’ Law, Final Note

n When applying Lenz’ Law, there
are two magnetic fields to consider
n The external changing magnetic field
that induces the current in the loop
n The magnetic field produced by the
current in the loop

Generators
n Alternating Current (AC) generator
n Converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy
n Consists of a wire loop rotated by some
external means
n There are a variety of sources that can
supply the energy to rotate the loop
n These may include falling water, heat by burning
coal to produce steam

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AC Generators, cont
n Basic operation of the
generator
n As the loop rotates, the
magnetic flux through it
changes with time
n This induces an emf and a
current in the external circuit
n The ends of the loop are
connected to slip rings that
rotate with the loop
n Connections to the external
circuit are made by stationary
brushes in contact with the
slip rings

AC Generators, final
n The emf generated by
the rotating loop can be
found by
ε =2 B v⊥=2 B sin θ
n If the loop rotates with a
constant angular speed,
ω, and N turns
ε = N B A ω sin ω t
n ε = εmax when loop is
parallel to the field
n ε = 0 when when the
loop is perpendicular to
the field

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AC Generators – Detail of
Rotating Loop
n The magnetic force
on the charges in the
wires AB and CD is
perpendicular to the
length of the wires
n An emf is generated
in wires BC and AD
n The emf produced in
each of these wires
is ε= B v⊥= B sin θ

DC Generators
n Components are
essentially the same
as that of an ac
generator
n The major difference
is the contacts to the
rotating loop are
made by a split ring,
or commutator

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DC Generators, cont
n The output voltage
always has the same
polarity
n The current is a
pulsing current
n To produce a steady
current, many loops
and commutators
around the axis of
rotation are used
n The multiple outputs
are superimposed and
the output is almost
free of fluctuations

Motors
n Motors are devices that convert
electrical energy into mechanical
energy
n A motor is a generator run in reverse
n A motor can perform useful
mechanical work when a shaft
connected to its rotating coil is
attached to some external device

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Motors and Back emf

n The phrase back emf
is used for an emf
that tends to reduce
the applied current
n When a motor is
turned on, there is
no back emf initially
n The current is very
large because it is
limited only by the
resistance of the coil

Motors and Back emf, cont

n As the coil begins to rotate, the induced
back emf opposes the applied voltage
n The current in the coil is reduced
n The power requirements for starting a
motor and for running it under heavy
loads are greater than those for running
the motor under average loads

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Self-inductance
n Self-inductance occurs when the
changing flux through a circuit arises
from the circuit itself
n As the current increases, the magnetic flux
through a loop due to this current also increases
n The increasing flux induces an emf that opposes
the change in magnetic flux
n As the magnitude of the current increases, the
rate of increase lessens and the induced emf
decreases
n This opposing emf results in a gradual increase
of the current

Self-inductance cont
n The self-induced emf must be
proportional to the time rate of change
of the current

n L is a proportionality constant called the

inductance of the device
n The negative sign indicates that a changing
current induces an emf in opposition to that
change

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Self-inductance, final
n The inductance of a coil depends
on geometric factors
n The SI unit of self-inductance is
the Henry
n 1 H = 1 (V · s) / A
n You can determine an expression
for L

Joseph Henry
n 1797 – 1878
n First director of the
Smithsonian
n First president of the
Academy of Natural
Science
n First to produce an electric
current with a magnetic
field
n Improved the design of
the electro-magnetic and
constructed a motor
n Discovered self-inductance

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Inductor in a Circuit
n Inductance can be interpreted as a
measure of opposition to the rate of
change in the current
n Remember resistance R is a measure of
opposition to the current
n As a circuit is completed, the current
begins to increase, but the inductor
produces an emf that opposes the
increasing current
n Therefore, the current doesn’t change from
0 to its maximum instantaneously

RL Circuit
n When the current
reaches its
maximum, the rate
of change and the
back emf are zero
n The time constant, τ,
for an RL circuit is
the time required for
the current in the
circuit to reach
63.2% of its final
value

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RL Circuit, cont
n The time constant depends on R
and L

n The current at any time can be

found by

Energy Stored in a
Magnetic Field
n The emf induced by an inductor
prevents a battery from establishing an
instantaneous current in a circuit
n The battery has to do work to produce a
current
n This work can be thought of as energy
stored by the inductor in its magnetic field
n PEL = 1/2 L I2

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