ER.

PEEYUSH CHAUHAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Automobile derived from Greek words “Autos” means
“of itself ” and refers to something that can operate on
its own without external assistance & Latin words
“Mobiles” means “capable of motion”. Either pushed,
pulled, rolled, carried, etc. The object is capable of
being taken easily from one place to another.

“An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an

internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for
transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
The modern automobile in general is essentially a
transportation unit. It consists of a “frame” supporting
the “body” & certain “power developing & transmitting
units” which are further supported by “tyres & wheels”
through “spring & axles”.

“A automobile engineering is a branch of engineering in

which we study all about the automobiles & have practice to
propel them.”
1769 - French Engineer “Captain Nicholas Cugnot” build
the first road vehicle propelled by its own power.
1801 – First steam carriage build by “ Richard Trevithick” in
England.
1804 – “Oliver Evans” build the finest American self
propelled steam vehicles.
1827 - “Onesiphare” of France invented first differential.
1832 - First 3-speed transmission patented by “W.H James”
in England.
1880 - German & England effort developed an IC Engine.
1885 - “Benz” in Germany developed a Tricycle propelled
by an IC Engine.
1886 – One of the first gasoline powered automobiles by
“Gottlieb Diamler” of Germany.
1894 – “Panhard & Lavassor” in France developed a car
which incorporated the chief features of modern
automobiles.
1895 - First Motor car race held.
1897 - First car arrived in India.
1900 - Design of automobile was improved.
1902 - First volume of production car “ The Curved Dash
Oldsmobile” in America.
1906 - The Production & Sales of these vehicles became a
business.
1908 – Ford “T” Model car produced in America by Ford
Motor Company.
1911 – First Electric Self-starter installed in automobiles.
1920 – There was gradual change & refinement in
automobiles.
1. On the Basis of Purpose
(i) Passengers Carriers (e.g. - Car, Jeep, Bus etc.)
(ii) Good Carriers (e.g.-Trucks etc.)
2. On the Basis of Fuel Used
(i) Petrol Vehicles (e.g.- Motor Cycles, Scooters, Cars etc.)
(ii) Diesel Vehicles (e.g.- Cars, Trucks, Buses etc.)
(iii) Gas Vehicles (e.g.- Gas turbines)
(iv) Electric Vehicles (e.g.- Cars, Buses, Trains etc.)
(v) Steam Vehicles (e.g.- Steam engine etc.)
(vi) Hybrid Vehicles (e.g.- Cars, Buses etc)
3. On the Basis of Capacity
(i) Heavy Transport Vehicles (e.g. –Trucks, Buses etc.)
(ii) Light Transport Vehicles (e.g.- Pickup, Station Wagons)
(iii) Light Motor Vehicles (e.g. – Jeep, Cars etc.)
(iv) Medium Vehicles ( e.g.- Tempo, Minibuses, Small Trucks
etc.)
4. On the Basis of Construction
(i) Single Unit Vehicles
(ii) Articulated Vehicles & Tractors
5. On the Basis of Drive
(i) Left Hand Drive Vehicles
(ii) Right Hand Drive Vehicles
(iii) Fluid Drive Vehicles
6. On the Basis of Wheel & Axles
(i) Two Wheelers Vehicles
(ii) Three Wheelers Vehicles
(iii) Four Wheelers Vehicles (4x2) & (4x4)
(iv) Six Wheelers Vehicles (6x2) & (6x4)
7. On the Basis of Suspension System
(i) Conventional
(ii) Independents
8. On the Basis of Transmission
(i) Conventional or Manual
(ii) Semi-Automatic
(iii) Automatic
8. On the Basis of Body & Number of doors
(i) Sedan (iii) Station Wagons
(ii) Convertible (iv) Delivery Vans/Pickup
1. Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCVs) – Having gross
vehicle weight is more than 16.2 metric tones.
2. Medium commercial Vehicles (MCVs) – Having gross
vehicle weight between 1.5 to 16.2 metric tones.
3. Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs) – Having gross
vehicle weight up to 7.5 metric tones.
4. Passenger Cars – these are the vehicle having a seating
capacity upto six person, excluding the drivers. These are
further sub-classified as:
1. Micro – Length up to 3200 mm & engine size up to 800
cc. Example- Nano.
2. Mini – Length between 3200 mm to 3600 mm & engine size up
to 1000 cc. It’s also called A1 segment. Example- Santro, Spark,
Alto, A-star, Wagon-R etc.
3. Compact - Length between 3600 mm to 4000 mm & engine
size up to 1400 cc. It’s also called A2 segment. Example- Ritz, i10,
Beat, Indica Vista, Figo, Swift etc.
4. C1– Length between 4000 mm to 4250 mm & engine size up to
1600 cc. Example- Dzier, Accent, logan, Etios etc.
5. C2 – Length between 4250 mm to 4500 mm & engine size up
to 1600 cc. Example- Maruti SX4, Magna, Honda City, Verna,
Fiesta etc. (C1 & C2. called A3 segment (Midsize Cars).
5. D – Length between 4500 mm to 4700 mm & engine size up to
2000 cc. Example- Kizashi etc. (A4 Segment-Executive Cars)
6. E – Length between 4700 mm to 5000 mm & engine size
up to 3000 cc. Example- Jaguar, XJ Diesel etc. (Also called
A5 Segments-Premium Cars)
7. F– Length more than 5000 mm & engine size up to 3000
cc. Example- BMW 750i etc. (A6 Segment-Luxury cars).
5. Utility Vehicles (UVs) – Vehicle having seating capacity
7 to 12 person, excluding driver.
6. Multi Purpose Vehicles (MPVs) - Vehicle having seating
capacity 7 to 12 person, excluding driver. Example- Van etc.
7. Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) - Vehicle having seating
capacity 7 to 12 person, excluding driver. It’s have a large
tyres, higher seating & more ground clearance. Engine area
is separate, passenger & luggage area are enclosed together.
Example- Safari, Grand Vitara, Pajero, Fortuner etc.
As per revolution adopted by WP29 (Working Party 29) of
UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)
the vehicle have following categories-
L – Motor Vehicles with less than four wheels [but does
include light four-wheelers] sub classified as- L1, L2, L3. L4
L5,L6 & L7.
L1- A two-wheeled vehicle with an engine cylinder capacity
in the case of a thermic engine not exceeding 50 cm³ and
whatever the means of propulsion a maximum design speed
not exceeding 50 km/h. (Electric bicycle).
L2- A three-wheeled vehicle of any wheel arrangement with an
engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine not
exceeding 50 cm³ and whatever the means of propulsion a
maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h. (Auto rickshaw).
L3- A two-wheeled vehicle with an engine cylinder capacity in the
case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm³ or whatever the means
of propulsion a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.
(Motorcycle).
L4- A vehicle with three wheels asymmetrically arranged in
relation to the longitudinal median plane with an engine cylinder
capacity in the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm³ or
whatever the means of propulsion a maximum design speed
exceeding 50 km/h (motor cycles with sidecars).
L5- A vehicle with three wheels symmetrically arranged in
relation to the longitudinal median plane with an engine cylinder
capacity in the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm³ or
whatever the means of propulsion a maximum design speed
exceeding 50 km/h. (Motorized tricycle).
L6- A vehicle with four wheels whose unladen mass is not more
than 350 kg, not including the mass of the batteries in case of
electric vehicles, whose maximum design speed is not more than
45 km/h, and whose engine cylinder capacity does not exceed 50
cm³ for spark (positive) ignition engines, or whose maximum net
power output does not exceed 4 kW in the case of other internal
combustion engines, or whose maximum continuous rated power
does not exceed 4 kW in the case of electric engines. (Golf cart,
Mobility scooter)
L7- A vehicle with four wheels, other than that classified for
the category L6, whose unladen mass is not more than 400
kg (550 kg for vehicles intended for carrying goods), not
including the mass of batteries in the case of electric
vehicles and whose maximum continuous rated power does
not exceed 15 kW. (Microcars).

M- Vehicles having at least four wheels and used for the

carriage of passengers (e.g., standard car with 2, 3, 4 doors).
M1- Vehicles used for carriage of passengers, comprising
not more than eight seats in addition to the driver's = 9.(
Larger Than Standard Car e.g.: London Cab/E7 Type
Vehicle 8 seat + Driver.)
Sub classification of M1 are-
AA – Saloon
AB – Hatchback
AC – Station Wagon
AD – Coupe
AE – Convertible
AF – Multipurpose Vehicle
Sub classification of M2 & M3 are-
1. Class I, II & III as per regulation No. 36 & 37.
2. Class A & B as per regulation No. 52.
M2- Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers,
comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's
seat, and having a maximum mass not exceeding 5 tonnes.
(Bus)
M3- Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers,
comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's
seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tones. (Bus)
N- Power-driven vehicles having at least four wheels and
used for the carriage of goods.
N1- Maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tones. (Pick-up
Truck, Van)
N2-Maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tones but not exceeding
12 tones. (Commercial Truck)
N3- Maximum mass exceeding 12 tones. (Commercial
Truck)
O-Trailers (including semi–trailers)
O1-Trailers with a maximum mass not exceeding 0.75 tones.
O2- Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 0.75 tones,
but not exceeding 3.5 tones.
O3-Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tones, but
not exceeding 10 tones.
O4- Trailers with a maximum mass exceeding 10 tones.
Special purpose vehicle – A vehicle of category M,N or O
for conveying passengers or goods & use for performing a
special function.
SA = Motor Caravan
SB = Armoured vehicle
SC = Ambulance
SD = Hearse
T- Agricultural and Forestry tractors
G- Off-road vehicles
 RESISTANCE TO A MOVING VEHICLES
A moving vehicle is opposed by various forces known as
“Resistance”.
When a vehicle moving, a Driving force or Tractive Effort
(F) is equal to sum of all the resistances (R) has to be
applied to it.
The torque available at the contact between driving wheel &
road is referred to as tractive effort.
When F > R (Vehicle is accelerated)
When F< R (Vehicle is Deaccelerated)
The main forces which opposed the vehicles are-
1. Rolling Resistance
2. Wind or Air Resistance
[Link] Resistance
The Rolling Resistance is caused by the friction between the
wheel tyres & the road surface.
Its depends upon the following factors-
1. Quality of road surface (wet, dry, poor or good).
2. Road surface materials (asphalt, sand, clay or gravel)
3. Type of tyre threads & tyre materials.
4. Wheel inflation pressure.
5. Load on the each road wheel.

The magnitude of rolling resistance is worked out from the

relation-
Rr = KW
Where W= Weight of vehicle in Newton.
K = Constant of Rolling Resistance
= 0.0095 for best roads.
= 0.18 for loose sandy roads.
The Rolling Resistance can be minimize by-
- Using Pneumatic tyres rather than solid tyres.
- Driving the vehicle on hard road rather than on soft,
muddy & sandy roads.
Its depends upon the following factors-
1. Shape & size of vehicle body.
2. Air velocity & its directions.
3. Speed of vehicle.

The air resistance is prescribed by the relation-

𝟏
Fa = Cd × V2 × A
𝟐
Where V = Vehicle Speed in m/s ( Neglecting air velocity)
 = Air density in Kg/m3
Cd = Drag Coefficient
A = Projected frontal area of the vehicle perpendicular to
the direction of the motion in m2
The usual practice is to take the vehicle speed in km/hr. The
expression then transform-
Fa = (0.0386  Cd )AV2 = Ka AV2

Where Ka = Coefficient of air resistance

= 0.023 for best streamlined cars
=0.031 for average cars
= 0.045 for buses & trucks
The gradient resistance is due to steepness of road gradient.
Its subjected to vehicle weight & road gradient. It’s does not
depend on the vehicle speed.
Mathematically it’s expressed as
Rg = W Sinθ
Where W = Total weight of the vehicle.
θ = Inclination or gradient of the road
Thus Total Resistance
R = Ra + Rr + Rg (when vehicle moves up the gradient)
R = Ra + Rr (when vehicle along a level road)
When vehicle move, the power required to propelled the
𝐑 ×𝐕
vehicle P=
𝛈𝒕
When the fuel burns inside the cylinder, pressure are
developed. These pressure are transmitted to the crankshaft
by the piston & connecting rod & torque is produced. The
torque produced by the engine is transmitted through the
drive line to the road wheels to propel the vehicle.

The actual power deliver by the engine is known as brake

power. We know
𝟐 𝛑 𝐍𝐓
B.P = 𝐊𝐖
𝟔𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where T = Torque in Nm
N = Speed in RPM

The torque is increase with the increase in engine speed up

to a certain point after which it start to fall down even
through the engine speed continuous to increase. The
number of rpm at which the begins to decrease, depends
upon the engine design.

At higher speed engine vacuum is falls down & less fuel

enter the cylinder resulting in lesser force available at the
piston & hence the fall in torque.

The gear box & final drive at differential act as a leverage to

multiply torque which is inversely proportional to speed. If
the gear speed is lowered the torque shall be increase in the
same ratio & vice versa.
Let Tw = torque at driving wheel
G = Gear ratio
ηt = Overall transmission efficiency
TE = Engine Torque
N = r.p.m of crankshaft
Tw = G × ηt × TE
We know Engine torque
BP ×60×1000
TE = Nm
2 π NT
Tw
Tractive Effort F =
Rw
Where R is the radius of driving wheel.
The ratio between engine r.p.m & vehicle speed depends
upon overall gear ratio.
 V
R.P.M of driving wheel =
2 Rw
Where V is the vehicle speed in m/min.
We also Know
N
Vehicle Speed = Wheel Circumference ×
G
2 Rw N
V= m/min
G
V ×G
Engine r.p.m N =
2 Rw
V×1000 2 Rw N
Vehicle Speed = Where V in Km/hr.
60 G

The engine torque can be increased by reduction gearing.

The torque transmitted by the engine through gear box &
propeller shaft to final drive is increased in every gear speed
Except in top gear & overdrive.

If you know the Horsepower (HP) of an engine, then you

can calculate the torque using the formula :-
Torque = (HP×5252)/RPM
 Two Wheelers-
o Bajaj Auto
o Harley Davidson India
o Hero Moto Corp.
o Kinetic Engineering
o Mahindra Two Wheelers
o Piaggio Vehicles
o Royal Enfield Motors
o Suzuki Motorcycle India
 Two Wheelers-
o Bajaj Auto
o Harley Davidson India
o Hero Moto Corp.
o Kinetic Engineering
o Mahindra Two Wheelers
o Piaggio Vehicles
o Royal Enfield Motors
o Suzuki Motorcycle India
 Three Wheelers
o Bajaj Auto
o Mahindra & Mahindra
o Piaggio Vehicles
o Force Motors

Four/Six/Eight Wheelers (Cars, MUV, LCV, HCV)

o Audi India - Cars

o Mahindra & Mahindra – Cars/MUVs/SUVs/LCVs.
o MBW India-Cars/MUVs
o Ashok Leyland – LCV/M/HCV.
o Asia Motors Works – M/HCV.
o Diamler India Commercial Vehicles – M/HCV.
o Eicher Motors – LCV/M/HCV.
o Fiat India – Cars.
o Force Motors – MUV/LCV.
o Ford India – Cars/MUV.
o General Motors India- Cars/MUV.
o Hindustan Motors- Cars/MUV/LCV.
o Honda Siel Cars India- Cars/MUV.
o Hyundai Motors India- Cars/MUV/SUV.
o Man Force Trucks- M/HCVs.
o Nissan Motors India- Cars/SUVs.
o Renault India- Cars/SUVs.
o Skoda Auto India-Cars.
o Toyota Kirloskar Motor-Cars/SUV/MUV.
 Automobile Engineering by “R.K Rajput” Laxmi
Publications (P) Ltd.

 Automobile Engineering by “Dr. D.S Kumar” S.K Kataria

& Sons Publications (P) Ltd.

 Automobile Engineering by “Dr. Kirpal Singh” Standard

Publishers Distributors.

 [Link]