CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM System – a group of structures that have
one or more similar functions
Human Body
(2) Regional Anatomy
A complex system A.K.A. topographic anatomy
Highly organized structure made up of The study of the organization of the
unique cells that work together to body by areas, regions, or divisions
accomplish the specific functions necessary Emphasizes the relations between
for sustaining life various structures in that particular
Structures in the body work in concert to region
maintaining homeostasis—a balance in the Within each region, organs are
body’s internal environment examined simultaneously
1.1: Anatomy and Physiology Two General Ways to Examine Internal
Structures
Anatomy
(1) Surface Anatomy
The scientific discipline that investigates the Also known as superficial anatomy
structure of the body The study of external features which
To dissect, cut apart, or separate the parts serve as landmarks for locating deeper
of the body for study structures
Examines the relationship between the Doesn’t dissect
structure of a body part and its function (2) Anatomical Imaging
Anatomist A non-invasive method that uses
technology to create or examine internal
An expert in anatomy or a dissector structures
Ex. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
Two Major Types of Anatomy
X-rays, ultrasound, and many other
(1) Gross Anatomy technologies
Also known as macroscopic anatomy
Physiology
The study of anatomical structures that
can be seen by the naked eye, such as The study of nature
external and internal bodily organs Derived from two greek words physis
a. Surface anatomy means nature and logos means study
b. Regional anatomy The scientific discipline that deals with the
c. Systemic anatomy processes or functions of living things
(2) Microscopic Anatomy Can be studies in multiple levels
Study of tiny anatomical structures such
as cells & tissues Two Major Goals in Studying
a. Cytology (1) Examining the body’s response to stimuli
Study of cells (2) Examining the body’s maintenance of stable
b. Histology internal conditions
Study of tissues
Human physiology – study of humans, how the
Other Types of Anatomy human body functions in fitness and illness
(1) Developmental Anatomy – studies the Fields of Physiology
structural changes that occur from birth to
adulthood (1) Viral physiology – study of biological
(2) Phytotomy – or plant anatomy, the study of processes and activities of viruses
the internal structure of plants while (2) Bacterial physiology – life-supporting
morphology for external structure functions of bacteria, allowing the bacteria
(3) Zootomy – branch of zoology concerned with cell to grow and reproduce
the dissection and anatomy of animals (3) Cellular physiology – study of physiological
(4) Embryology – the study of development of processes occurring within and among the
an embryo from the stage of ovum cells and intracellular communication and
fertilization to fetal stage behaviour
(5) Comparative Anatomy – the study of
1.2 Structural and Functional Organization of
similarities and differences in the anatomy of
the Human Body
different species
Six Structural Level
Two Basic Approaches to the Study of Anatomy
(1) Chemical Level
(1) Systemic Anatomy
Atoms interact and combine to form
The study of the body by systems
molecules. Molecule’s structure
determines its function.
(2) Cell Level
Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of organisms.
Organelles (little organs), smaller
structures in the cell and formed by
molecules.
(3) Tissue Level
Tissue, group of similar cells and the
materials surrounding them.
Its function is determined by the
characteristics of cell and the material
surrounding it.
(4) Organ Level
Organ (tool), composed of two or more
tissue types that perform one or more
common functions.
(5) Organ System Level
Organ system, group of organs that
perform a common function and set of
functions
(6) Organism
Organism, any living thing considered as
a whole, whether composed of one cell.
Major organs of the body
1. Brain
- controls and coordinates actions and
reaction
- command centre of the body
2. Spinal Cord
- sends motor commands from the brain
to the body
- nerves that connect the brain to the rest
of the body
3. Lungs
- allows us to breathe, inhale oxygen, and
exhale carbon dioxide
4. Heart
- pumps blood and oxygen
- deliver waste products back to the lungs
5. Liver
- filters blood, produces bile
6. Pancreas (behind the stomach)
- control blood sugar level, produce
insulin
- produce enzymes to digest food,
particularly protein
7. Kidney (behind intestine)
- filter and regulates blood, remove waste,
and balance fluid
8. Large intestine
- processes undigested food, absorbs
nutrients and water, and excretes stool
9. Urinary bladder
- collects and stores urine
10. Spleen (behind stomach)
- stores and filters blood
- helps fight infection
11. Stomach
-
12. Small intestine
13. Urethra
