Fundamentals of Communication
__________________
Nature and Elements of Communication
SPEAKER - the source of information or message
MESSAGE - the information conveyed by the speaker
ENCODING - the process of converting
CHANNEL - the medium or the means
DECODING - the process of interpreting
RECEIVER - the recipient of the message
FEEDBACK - the reactions, responses or information provided by the receiver
CONTEXT - the environment where communication takes place
BARRIER - the factors that affect the flow of communication
The speaker generates an idea.
The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions.
The speaker transmits or sends out a message.
The receiver gets the message.
The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context.
The receiver sends or provides feedback.
___________
Models of Communication
Shanon weaver model communication - mother of all models, has five elements, source,
transmitter (encoder of the message), channel, receiver and destination.
Linear communication model - one-way activity, feedback - not a part of the process
Interactive communication model - two-way activity, involves feedback
Transactional communication model - simultaneous activity, both sending and receiving
messages anytime or at the same time
___________
Functions of Communication
•CONTROL - to control behavior.
•SOCIAL INTERACTION - allows
individuals to interact with others.
•EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - expression of their feelings and emotion
•MOTIVATION - motivates or encourages people
•INFORMATION DESSIMINATION - convey information
__________________
Features of an Effective Communication
COMPLETENESS - receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond correctly.
CONCISENESS - but making it direct or straight.
CONSIDERATION - consider relevant information, preference, education, status and needs.
CONCRETENESS - information must be supported by facts,
COURTESY - respecting the culture, values and beliefs of his/her receivers.
CLEARNESS - use simple and specific words to express ideas.
CORRECTNESS - correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact
______________
Barriers to Communication
Language barriers - two individuals do not have a common language,
Cultural barriers - due to differing principles, views, and beliefs.
Physical barriers - caused by environmental factors such as noise, lighting, and distance
Prejudging - believes he or she understood what the speaker means even before the message
is completely expressed.
Information overload - This happens when one gives too much information at a time.
Lack of interest and attention - gives information that does no interest others
______________
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication - dynamic relationship between culture and communication.
Culture - the system of knowledge that is shared by a particular group
Self-awareness- essentially understand before engaging in culture communication
__________
Speech Context and Style
Context - interrelated conditions that affect the message;
Physical context - place, time, environment, and distance
Social context refers to the relationship of the communicators.
Psychological context refers to the moods and feelings of the communicators
Cultural context includes the beliefs and norms of the participants.
Speech style - a particular style of speaking, level of formality
Intimate - private, incomplete utterance, inside jokes
Casual - relaxed or informal dialogue, slang colloquism
Consultative - most operational style, semi formal
Formal - lack participate of listeners, no interruption allowed
Frozen - most formal, oratorical style
____________
Speech Act
locution - producing meaningful utterance
● Factions - direct meaning
● Utterance act - spoke accidentally
● Propositional Act- predictating
illocution - to communicate or convey performs saying an utterance
● expressive-
● Dectarations
● Appointing
● assertive
● commusive
perlocution - intentional
________
Communicative Strategies
NOMINATION - establish a topic “to open”
RESTRICTION - any limitation you may have as a speaker.
TURN-TAKING - process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.
TOPIC CONTROL - avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts, PROCEDURE
TOPIC SHIFTING - Involves moving from one topic to another.
REPAIR - Speakers will always try to address and correct it.
TERMINATION - close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation
