OBJECTIVE

TO FIND OUT THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Introduction :
Electromagnetism is a branch of Physics that deals with
the electromagnetic force that occurs between
electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force
is one of the four fundamental forces and exhibits
electromagnetic fields such as magnetic fields, electric
fields, and light. An electromagnet is a type of magnet in
which the magnetic field is produced by electric current.
The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.
 Josheph Henry [1797
Electromagnetic Induction is a 1878] American
experimental physicist,
process in which a conductor is put professor at Princeton
University and first
in a particular position and director of the
magnetic field keeps varying or Smithsonian
Institution. He made
magnetic field is stationary and a important
conductor is moving. This produces improvements in
electromagnets by
a Voltage or EMF (Electromotive winding coils of
insulated wire around
Force) across the electrical iron pole pieces and
conductor and this process of invented an
electromagnetic motor
generating current in a conductor and a new, efficient
by placing the conductor in a telegraph. He discoverd
self-induction and
changing magnetic field is called investigated how
currents in one circuit
induction. induce currents in
another.
Electromagnetic Induction :
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is
exposed to a varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic
induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow. Induction can
produce electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or
waves (in a radio transmitter). Finally it is refers to the
phenomenon where an EMF is induced when the
magnetic flux linking conductor changes magnetic flux
linking conductor changes.
Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic
field which passes through a given area. It is a useful tool
for helping describe the effects of the magnetic force on
something occupying a given area. It is defined as the
product of the magnetic flux density and the area normal
to the field through which the field is
passing. It is a scalar quantity and a
magnetic flux density of one Wb/m2
(one weber per square metre) is one
tesla. weber. Unit system S.I. unit of
magnetic flux and symbol is Wb & T.
φ – ΒΑ
Principle :
Principle of Electromagnetic Induction states that the
EMF induced in a loop due by a changing magnetic flux is
equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
threading the loop. In other words, Electromagnetic
induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process
where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in
turn, causes an electrical current it is said to induce the
current.

THEORY
Invention :
An invention is a unique or novel device, method,
composition, idea or process. An invention may be an
improvement upon a machine, product, or process for
increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an
entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either
as a stand-alone invention or as a significant
improvement over the work of others, it can be patented.
A patent, if granted, gives the inventor a proprietary
interest in the patent over a specific period of time,
which Can be licensed for financial gain.
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery
of induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated
by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around
1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery,
but did not publish his findings until later.

Induced E.M.F. :
It can be defined as the generation of a potential
difference in a coil due to the changes in the magnetic
flux through it. In simpler words, electromotive force or
EMF is said to be induced when the flux linking with a
conductor or coil changes.
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.M.F.
will be generated in the coil. This effect was first
observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday between
1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an EMF could be
generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic
flux in some way.
Note that the e.m.f.is only produced while the flux is
changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1.
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is
connected to a battery and has direct current flowing
through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced by
B and an E.M.F. can be produced in A by moving the coils
relative to each other or by changing the size of the
current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat R,
switching the current on or off, or (c) using an A.C. supply
for B. (An E.M.F. could also be produced in coil A by
replacing coil B with a permanent magnet and moving
this relative to coil A.)
Representation :
It is called the magnetic flux and is represented by. The
unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb), which is
magnetic field per unit area, or T/m2. The weber is also a
volt second (Vs). The induced EMF is in fact proportional
to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a
conducting loop. Electromagnetic induction is the
production of a potential difference (voltage) across a
conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Working and Construction :
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved
through a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of
force are applying a force on the free electrons in the
conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because there is no
physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to
take place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of
wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is
determined by the direction of the lines of force and by
the direction the wire is moving in the field. In the
animation above the ammeter (the instrument used to
measure current) indicates when there is current in the
conductor

If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the

electromagnetic field that is produced is constantly
growing and shrinking due to the constantly changing
current in the wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic
field can induce electrical current in another wire that is
held close to the first wire. The current in the second wire
will also be AC and in fact will look very similar to the
current flowing in the first wire.
It Is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate
the
strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil.
Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will further
concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The
magnetic field will be strongest inside the bar and at its
ends (poles).

Lenz’s Law :
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced
emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change which produces it. The induced
magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep
the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples
below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts
in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it
constant.

APPLICATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Induction Electrical Generator :
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire
is connected through an electrical load, current will flow,
and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical Transformer :
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible
for electrical transformers. When the electric current in a
loop of wire changes, the changing current creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this
magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic
field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d B/ d t.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second
loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical
load, current will flow
Magnetic Flow Meter :
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of
electrically conductive liquids and slurries. Such
instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The
induced voltage & generated in the magnetic field B due
to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus given
by
 Conclusion
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-
nineteenth century, describes a very important electro-
magnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's is
not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential
or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has
many far- reaching ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound
impact Faraday's Law has on us.

Applications :
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in
many devices and systems, including:
→ Electrical generators
→ Induction motors
→ Induction sealing
→ Inductive charging
→ Transformers
→ Wireless energy transfer
Precautions :
→ Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
→ Use & handle lab instruments with care.
→ Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making
loop.
→ Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration.

Bibliography :
→ NCERT Class 12th physics book
→ Physics reference books
→ Google search engine
→ Help from teacher

Thank You…