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The document discusses the properties and definitions of fields, vector spaces, and matrices, including operations like addition and multiplication. It covers concepts such as additive and multiplicative identities, inverses, and the characteristics of subfields and subspaces. Additionally, it addresses systems of linear equations and their solutions, including unique, infinite, and no solutions.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views34 pagesMaths
The document discusses the properties and definitions of fields, vector spaces, and matrices, including operations like addition and multiplication. It covers concepts such as additive and multiplicative identities, inverses, and the characteristics of subfields and subspaces. Additionally, it addresses systems of linear equations and their solutions, including unique, infinite, and no solutions.
Uploaded by
aasmithamamidipakaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Nector >
PW: WY. ---- Ua)
Feld»
>A sc F ond we oferolions
DAddON 2 KYERF = My EF
WMulliplicabion + WY EF sy xyeF
Then the set Fis called field af 1 sakisty {allowing Properties
under cbeve Wo operations
> Addition:
Dy > Yr AY Ly EF
DEAD = Gay 42 Wy? EF
BAKE Identity ve
OF =L WLEF
“Additive Inverse ie -1 EF
soch thak Eos 2 oF HEF
> Multiplicokion:
BY = ye Commutskive)
I XQp = Gye CAssocrative)
>) Mutriplicative Tdentity ve
Vi =v -FLEF
8) Multiplicakive Invese ve HEFL YL
suchthak 45-0=4 #1LEF
9 XQ42) SAYRE WUY2 CF
Mohvix +
>A mxn mokix over o field F in a functio
pos of whepers to the field F ie
> AG)) = Og
~ lel A&B be two motrTe
ANB = Ory 4 by
DAIB: BA
) AX CBrC) = (AAB) +c
)
|
i
|
|
from a sek of pak, w AB = Zoubye
-AB 4 BA
F ACO = (AWC
Tnerse of Mohit =
oA molvit Bis soid to be invewe of matrix A if
AB= BA = To) Tdentity tokix
Nilpotent Modtier
> TL thee exsts a paitive ineger 1) suchthok AX=0 then this
3s called rilpstent matin 3 Nis crdey of rilpckency.
fy: Qy: $2 tet
§ 7 ie Ahensice
Idempotent Mobic +
> AeA
ge A (* *]
Nh
Orthogonal Moktix +
> AN: MAzT
Novmol Moki +
> ART= ATA
Sub field »
> Asiset S is called subfield of a Complex field F if itself
it solisfy cll properties of field under the usual odition and
PPR TTD DTD DHMH HAASVNAAVUVULAARVW Teagan qaaank
multipticotion. e
fxr Set of Integers G 2 (eee- 2rL,0.1,2,---- 4 is Mok subfield
> Becouse multiplicative invewee + wor re T dyes mot ete
in sek
Set of raltonels Q: [% i P8q we Meg Fat0] is subfield
rrnRnrrreer JIs FS.) a field?
Define
adhi 2fO ty
aetition Yay 4S Bie
Moltipticckion xy ‘ LEO EHY 0 CH kxth equal to 0
2 Ao dyso |
Ss D) Tay eyat Y Mulpticakion: ; |
») 04C149) = marty YG Ys Yue Ni) 1Cy2) = Cry) e
Coayso = 2*057 WHOLE IO oG-s) <0) =0 yv
Coss = O2=0
Wy RdditNe Sdenkty vit) Wuleipickwe sdentity
ee eee eae ? ee
R= 4a pistxsfeh v
wick adal=
Adve Inverse vit) mnutipticalive Tavene
2 ae zo y HQ a4 47d
ae as\si=9 |
wD Lyre) = AYRE
of4e9 = 040)
eG) = OF+0
9-0
~. Fe §0,34!15 © field.
> Tf inverse of a mony exists then thal 15 Unique
proot: Suopase makin A hos wo ‘Tnverses
B= BI = BAD = CBAYC = IC =
7. Bec System of lineov Equakions:
lek AG. te be unknowns then
OX AAA, = A Ode? by
is called lineay equolion
> So a system of Sineor equalions
Oks t Doky == Faken = by
Ommiky + Ombyd == AChanka 2 bre
> ARAbATC, —O
On th = C,9Q)
Unique solution + qe
a
als,
Infinitely mony solution > Qi. te 2G
ion: Ge = ka 1
No solution See
a let Gis Yo be sclution of OF
_ (Ou Gn --- On by
. | a b- ("|
Cin Oem = - = Omen em
=
eS
Ax=b
Define Augmerked Modvix
On On << Ow be
eb) =
ta) On Ory--- Gre be
ims Om =*+ Orn bm
Reduction of Malvtt > Cusing Yow elementary opention)
aR OR
> RH BAAR
aR dR
aoohis kes not change the on eas after mnoltiplying ® cddteg.
so ik won't c
we chonge ae = bm Coma) + “one
ely CONT” HOypha Y= So ik don’t change solution
RPROPMPORPP PPP AOTDABHE OBAMA KRaAKRDaAKRLAaAaaAnme = lel prsb be a system of equakions and suppose F 1S field. ]
lel wand y be two solubors ie Alb and pveb then for ony
AEF Waar) 15 oso O solution:
prooks ALUsa Gawd = AYA ef (ue ay)
= bialbb?
=b
=. Urd(u-y) 15 also oO solution. |
4 Vector Spoce+
2 7A renemply subset V over o given field € is said t& be vector |
Spoce Wf ik soltsftes the ANewing properties under th two operakion)
defined as |
Dlek U&VEV then UE Fuad |
let UENBAEF then xUEr TOW
A> uUtV=eviu Muyell |
> Ae UEC = (UHH VUNwev |
> Aso Additwe Tdentily re NueV there exists OeV such thak
uro=4
Aus Additive Gnvewe 1.2 NUEV there exists —UEV Such thal |
|
|
UtCu) <0.
aM X(WUaW = MUA HUNEN& LEF
> MZ > Cpu > dud BU YUBEN d KBEF
2 Ms3> &(pu) = Cup AUEV S GBEF
>My ausu FUN
Exr VeR*> fay : Lye}
over the real field under usual addition & rmuttipticadien |
Vel G.g) 8O.g) EV Ben |
Gu) +9) = GH, Fy.) 3 © |
lek &eF & Gy)ev then
aOY) = Gry) —@
PAL? Quy + Goad = Ort,
SQ = Gay, yay) =O |
= Pen : at YA = C04 Oy) |
7 P2? GAH) = OY )4 Guyot Gy yo) = GL) + Cot 3299) |
> GUHA, JAIN) > GAIA) FGGD= Py» Additwe Tentily
WO= KY) 4 0,0) = (410, Yad) = CRY) =U
> Au? Additwe Tavese
UAW = (yt Ory) = Gedy) = (00 = 0
A My> of(u4y) = aUAKY NUEVEV & %EF
ALO IAG DY = Cham Yay)
= (Gut ,elyay
= Conrady » 4¥Aay,)
= Ch dy.) 4+ yy
= AM) F4OYD
= dvs lV
OMe (eBu: Gap Gy
> Gap, Gapy) = Cooper , ays py?
= Lay) + Cerpy
= apt BLY) = luspu
> Mg» od(pu) = a(Bay) = (gr, gy) = OBOY) = (agyu
— a G+ iy) = Gy -u,
2 Vis a vector Space,
)Oves VAR = {Os ¥yeR over the comer field under usucd
Oddition Grd multiplication fon vecko! spore?
BD aE Eve then auk_ev
2 Wis not a vector space.
Exe Ve (PQ): Gptaxa--- 40a VLET BAER LENZ}
over {he yeal field under usual addition and multiplication
lea RO &R,00 EV then
ROOFRW CV ¥ Ro, ROO
lel Paev BaEF then arm EV
AL PAPO) = 0.4 OO + FORM bab bate “tbat”
= (a Ab) 4 Gaba... Carba®
= BoA DIAA-- = AbgyY +O Gate? BAX”
-RAWARO)
ee OOOO SAR VAIO) = FQ + (RG4 Tso)
= OOM Nee CIT A Clot tte bak & Cyt Cand = Cat")
+ Cotbed Co) + AB ACI A = 4 Gat bat enre®
= Cosby) 4 GMMR ACMA 4 Cod te Gn”
© Casares AGpH" bbedba bet bat) + Cet cad = AGA |
= ROW POI) +P, Ww
S(UUAWAW
AZ = Addikive Tdentity
PHIAO = Oho KH --- FGA + OF OL4 OF FOX
> Geta) 4 Gone 4 -— + Cantey”
= Ota hb --4Oqr”
= POD
Ay» Addibve Inveise.
PEE PH) = Getaga --- FOR 4 Co.-at---- Oa")
= CaO OO H--- + qn On)
= OF0x4--- +00"
=O.
Ma => A (U4O) = KCRW +PL00)
= of COIOAI--- FAM +botbXa--- thar)
= A(T @dbyes --- + Enrhre)
KOH) > LOTMA ILE == - AAC cHony™
= Coagtalla) t@arabre+ --! + Cant aba)t®
= ClO LAKE == FLOR) A Colby t fbx -- = + olbnX"?
= AGN --- FAI) + lho tbrd == 3 bak”)
= ARO) + hPLO)
= dusov
P M25 GUMU= Cap) pw
= ABV aa ---4 Oar)
= Cagard Gapaws --+ Cr paay®
=a A GB) + Cla APA 4 --- + Claerpor”
= AOA AON 4--- clos, Port POL A Boat
= AANA -- AOA D+ BOGE == det)
= ofPQ4 BRD
zdurBgu cs
AMB > dBV) > AB@AoAI---4GNY) = A([Link]---4 PORN")
2 APO_A ABH A =~ + A KBAR”
= Xp rads = dOge)
= GPP < KP
SMQP Ls 4 POY
= Ca): Ged anaes HAM)
HOg§9 Gps ---+¢ Oat"?
EG AK AO
= PO)
=u
2. V8 © Vectol Space.
before Veckor space) .
> Axzb Suppose A 1s imertele , then Ao is Umgue solution
AC») = Cad’)b= Ib =b (Rus = Lusy
Proof udu Cos we assumed a solution Ww)
=Ca'nu = A(au)= Bb
So, UrA'b is only solukon
So, it is unique.
Row-FReduced form:
a> mxn moly Is said to be yow-veduced motrne if
i) the Jeoding fem of @ nOn-reIO Yow 54
wall values of the cdumn, except coding keim ove 2e%0
f&r [2 So) iy
[: 4 =| (3 ofes
Soo 4 oo
Leodiy
Row Reduced Echelon fom:
> iy Tk Ws Ow Yeduced
WAM Non. 2e¥ YewS Ore abeve than any Zev YW
*(Stlaa Ril
God BPRLSS
Misi) Leading beim of 0 non-zero Yow iy iN Yight sxle of the leading ter
of beve tous
oe he
& (E S| mee (83
oo So 6
a
Pio Filan aro ition ava eae QD Ve fp asians ram? Hyer Barer Aazsy over a teo\ field
ANd Usual addition & muttiplicakion:
Foy Gr waaanioxt aay?
V= bot brs bye-oy?
poet Gite bake Ose
no % tem
So ik does nok belongs to NV thus 1k does nok belony Aoneder Re
orbospace + |
>A nonempty subset Ss of a Vector space Wis said to be sulos pace
if tkself ik is a Neckor space
Ex: sek of al) scolaY multiples of vector Uev
UsAUcES FO Some FEF
N= Buses for some BEF
VAS UAV = age Bue = Gapyues
YODNDEE s GAL) = ODES
- Yes
Pote for a veckor sea ottzo WueV
BS OM= (Corwy = oysosl
prepares Soe belongs Lo vector space
OW-O = ON =0
5 @
Add -GM) bo both os ost has add
Theorem:
alek S bea nnremply subset of Q vecloy space W-Then ik As Sard
to be o subspace if and only if
WNUSVES = UVES
DYUCS, MEF sy lues
Prot: let usvescV
AY) Commutodive MyACUND = AVA WY le F
Pe) Assoctohwe MyWApusduag » Lecr
Fy) AdaHLVE Tdlerhity Jae MC) = Gl
ANAdKIE Tpuerse. Jnecessory MAusu
Xhok ik vill Ghooys be A\ve. A
itive Invete in sek So, lets check : AOE ducscV
Gnd aU =O-U =O ES
SNUES Od,
A) &U = Gi)U z-UES
Nues 4 -u€s =) UACu)=6,
se tS) =0 for a fixed poink Xo
Tk isa sub Space?
SD Pade ICPAR) Gd = POIIGHK =oO+6
Real PAR Es
NAEF » APCWD= 0 =0
xP ES
“TL sa sub space.
9 Sz {QUAD 2X4, <0}
D w= Gouge GQowLy)
' = Gay yrnay, 4)
® oO
Se OxO Should be ze lo
Gayo Gay) = WA AUG YY,
aS
&: 1,9) G,0,3) woe, =
+ TL AS Mok sub space
D S= fat ox2 veal maktic sudthot Aay
2 )4 {so =) oa es
bok of = 25 = (29) ds
(oxtyor Rot o vector space
W) S2f@bO 2 CLC
