Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Structural design and analysis of 60-storey building

constructed using ultra-lightweight floor

Student’s Names and ID’s:

Mohamed Sabbagh 201201997 Abdulaziz Al-Himeidi 201202297
Rashad Hajjaj 201202604 Abdullah Alttalah 201002345
Advisers: Dr. Andi Asiz, Engr. Danish Ahmed

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Acknowledgement

We want take this opportunity to convey our greatest gratitude and respect to our
Supervisors, Dr. Andi Asiz, and Engr. Danish Ahmed for continues support,
supervision, and consistent encouragement, and consultation throughout this
project. Also we want to thank Dr. Tahar for his help in the foundation design.
The enormous, assistance, and advice given by them shall carry us prolonged
way in the journey of our life.

We also want to take this opportunity to thank a profound sense of gratitude to all
professors in the College of Engineering, especially civil engineering department
professors for their gracious support, precious information and support, which
helped us in accomplishment of our Engineering Degree.

We would like to extend the thanks to all faculty members and students of Civil
Engineering Department for their valuable information provided by them in their
respective fields. We are grateful for their co-operation during our project and in
other engineering courses. Finally, we thank our Families and Friends for their
encouragement and help.

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Table of Contents:

Acknowledgment------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

Table of Contents-----------------------------------------------------------------------------3

List Figures-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

List of Tables---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

List of Abbreviations------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

Chapter 1 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------9

Chapter 2 Literature Review---------------------------------------------------------------12

2.1 High-rise Building-------------------------------------------------------------- 12

2.2 Hybrid Structures---------------------------------------------------------------16

2.3 ULW--------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

Chapter 3 Survey------------------------------------------------------------------------------23

3.1 0bjective--------------------- ------------------------------------------------------23

3.2 Methodology-----------------------------------------------------------------------23

3.3 Results----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------26

Chapter 4 Planar Design--------------------------------------------------------------------33

4.1 Concrete slab--------------------------------------------------------------------33

4.2 Concrete Sub Beam and Slab Design--------------------------------------33

4.3 Concrete Main Beam (Girder) Design--------------------------------------37

4.4 Steel Sub Beam Design-------------------------------------------------------40

4.5 Steel Girder Design------------------------------------------------------------41

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Chapter 5 Steel Frame Design-------------------------------------------------------------42

5.1 Column Design-----------------------------------------------------------------42

5.2 Modeling------------------------------------------------------------------------50

Chapter 6 Reinforce Concrete Frame Design -------------------------------------------53

6.1 Column Design----------------------------------------------------------------53

6.2 Modeling-----------------------------------------------------------------------55

Chapter 7 Foundation Design-------------------------------------------------------------56

7.1 Raft Foundation Design------------------------------------------------------57

7.2 Piles Design--------------------------------------------------------------------60

Chapter 8 Results---------------------------------------------------------------------------62

8.1 Steel Building------------------------------------------------------------------62

8.2 Reinforce Concrete Building------------------------------------------------62

Chapter 9 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------72

References-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------74

Appendix A Planar Design----------------------------------------------------------------76

Appendix B Steel Frame Design---------------------------------------------------------83

Appendix C Reinforce Concrete Frame Design ---------------------------------------85

Appendix D Foundation design----------------------------------------------------------87

Appendix E Results------------------------------------------------------------------------93

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List of Figures:

Figure 1 Typical Floor Layout .......................................................................................... 9

Figure 2 60 story building model.................................................................................... 11
Figure 3 Classification of tall building stcrutral systems by .......................................... 13
Figure 4 Deformation of building under lateral load ...................................................... 14
Figure 5 Example on passive damper system .............................................................. 16
Figure 6 Statistics about material used in high-rise buildings ........................................ 18
Figure 7 Plastbau slab................................................................................................... 19
Figure 8 Siporex panel .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 9 Floor system of multi-story buildings ............................................................... 20
Figure 10 CLT ............................................................................................................... 21
Figure 11 steel vs wood fire resistance ......................................................................... 22
Figure 12 Concrete fire resistance ............................................................................... 22
Figure 13 Segments of society involved in the survey ................................................... 25
Figure 14 Do you think high-rise are becoming trend in the world ................................. 26
Figure 15 Do you know about ULW ............................................................................... 27
Figure 16 How do you perceive using timber in structure .............................................. 27
Figure 17Have you pursuing new projects or buildings using CLT................................. 28
Figure 18 Are hybrid towers suitable for Saudis ............................................................ 29
Figure 19 Influential factors that could encourage you to use CLT ................................ 29
Figure 20 Influential factors on the design making to use CLT in structure .................... 30
Figure 21 Requency of special documentation by government to use CLT ................... 31
Figure 22 using CLT impact the project schedule compared to conventional project…..32
Figure 23 Layout with critical sub beam......................................................................... 33
Figure 24 Sub beam cross section ................................................................................ 34
Figure 25 layout for critical Girder.................................................................................. 37
Figure 26 Girder cross section ...................................................................................... 38
Figure 27 Typical floor layout with critical column .......................................................... 44
Figure 28 K value ......................................................................................................... 44
Figure 29 Jackson and Moreland Alignment Chart ....................................................... 47
Figure 30 Joint layout .................................................................................................... 58
Figure 31 shear diagram ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 32 Moment diagram ........................................................................................... 59
Figure 33 foundation cross section ................................................................................ 61
Figure 34 Steel frame with RC slab displacement ......................................................... 63
Figure 35 Steel frame with CLT slab displacement ........................................................ 64
Figure 36 RC slab deflciton ........................................................................................... 65
Figure 37 CLT slab deflection........................................................................................ 65
Figure 38 RC frame with RC slab displacement ............................................................ 68
Figure 39 RC frame with CLT slab displacement ........................................................... 69
Figure 40 RC slab deflection ......................................................................................... 69
Figure 41 CLT slab deflection........................................................................................ 70

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List of Tables:

Table 1 Area of steel table American A706 A1035 Steel Rebar Sizes & Rebar Stock .... 36
Table 2 Area of steel grider American A706 A1035 Steel Rebar Sizes & Rebar Stock . 39
Table 3 Steel sub beam calculation ......................................................................................... 40
Table 4 steel Girder Calculation ............................................................................................... 41
Table 5 Example of Point Load Calculation............................................................................ 43
Table 6 Total Pu for floors ......................................................................................................... 45
Table 7 Preliminary steel column section ............................................................................... 46
Table 8 Dimensions for a manually designed steel section ................................................. 46
Table 9 G factor .......................................................................................................................... 48
Table 10 K based on Tau .......................................................................................................... 49
Table 11 New ɸcPn for steel sections ..................................................................................... 49
Table 12 Mechanical Properties .............................................................................................. 51
Table 13 Load cases .................................................................................................................. 52
Table 14 Point load calculation for RC frame ......................................................................... 53
Table 15 PU for floors groups ................................................................................................... 54
Table 16 Columns dimensions ................................................................................................. 54
Table 17 joint pressure on soil calculation .............................................................................. 58
Table 18 Foundation depth ....................................................................................................... 59
Table 19 Pile foundation calculation ........................................................................................ 61
Table 20 Steel frame, R.C slab reaction forces ..................................................................... 66
Table 21 Steel frame, CLT slab reaction forces..................................................................... 66
Table 22 Foundation Demand for steel building .................................................................... 67
Table 23 RC frame, RC slab reaction forces.......................................................................... 70
Table 24 RC frame, CLT slab reaction forces ........................................................................ 71
Table 25 Foundation Demand for RC building ....................................................................... 71

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List of Abbreviations:

RC : Reinforce Concrete

ULW : Ultra-Lightweight

CLT : Cross Laminated Timber

LL : Live Load

DL : Dead Load

EQ : Earthquake

GCC : Gulf Cooperation Countries

MRF : Moment Resisting Frame

ATMD : Auxiliary Tuner Mass Damper

LRFD : Load Resisting Factor Design

Ag : Area Gross

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 Abstract

The project is about redesigning and modeling a 60 story building, by

creating four different models using two frame type, and two different floor
systems. The two type of frames are reinforce concrete and a steel frame.
Moreover, the project will implement new type of floor system which is the
ultra-lightweight floor system. Basically, the project is going to compare
the traditional reinforce concrete floor system with ultra-lightweight floor
system in reinforce concrete and steel frames. A specific type of ultra-
lightweight floor system will be used in the project which is cross
laminated timber. The objective of this project is to redesign the 60 story
building using hand calculation and computer programs, based on
reinforce concrete slab and use the same conditions to compare the
results with cross laminated timber slab. Also, one of the main objectives
of the project is to check the overall structural performance of reinforce
concrete frame with the different floor system, and the steel frame with the
different floor system under gravity loads, and lateral loads. Furthermore,
the project is going to investigate the foundation demand of the four
models. In order to design the high-rise building, a literature review is
conducted about the new technologies and methods that are used today
for designing tall buildings, also an interview type survey is conducted with
structural and architectural engineers in Saudi Arabia to check their
awareness of the new ultra-lightweight floor systems. ETABS and
SAP2000 is going to be used for the modeling to check the overall
structural performance of the four models. CLT have significantly reduced
the building the building weight and foundation demand. The combination
of steel frame with CLT slab was the lightest and gave an opportunity for
farther reduction in the material usage.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

The general purpose of the project is to design and analyze a 60 story

building for commercial uses, by creating four different models in term of the
main framing systems, two with reinforce concrete frame and the other two with
steel frame. Two types of floor systems will be used in the design and analysis.
The first one is using the traditional reinforce concrete (R.C) slab, and the second
one is using the ultra-lightweight (ULW) slab, the type of the ULW is going to be
cross laminated timber (CLT). The floor that used traditional reinforce concrete
slab will be used as a reference. Basically the project is designed using the
hybrid structure concept in designing the 60 story building. The structural layout
shown have been taken from paper for (M. Shin, T. Kang, J. Grossman, 2009)
and the structural layout have been modified to simplify and ease the design
process. The layout can be seen in figure 1 and in figure 2 shows the model.

Figure 1 Typical Floor Layout

Construction of high-rise buildings is booming and becoming a trend in

Asia and in the Middle-East, and structural and architectural engineers are
seeking to develop new ways to optimize the high-rise building construction. For

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example, by trying to minimizing the cost and overcome some technical problems
that could be faced during the construction that may delay the construction. The
main project objective is to introduce an alternative way of floor system to be
used in high-rise buildings, which has comparable stiffness and strength with
reference to reinforce concrete slab, that it can significantly reduce the total
weight of the building. The difference between the traditional reinforce concrete
floor system and the new cross laminated timber floor system will be compared
using the above four different models. Furthermore, the world of structural
engineering is shifting to green buildings for the environment that enhances the
life of the structures by using durable and sustainable construction material such
as CLT slabs.

Well-known sophisticated computer programs were used in this study

including AutoCAD for drawing, structural analysis program (SAP2000) for
structure analysis and design, and extensional three-dimensional analysis of
build system (ETABS). SAP 2000 and ETABS programs will be used to check
the structural performance of the building under the gravitational and lateral
forces, including lateral defamation (drift), inter-story drift, shear story distribution,
base shear, and dynamic characteristics of the buildings. The Saudi Building
Code (SBC) will be used as a major reference for all the design requirement and
codes, also the project will use another supplement from the (SBC) reference for
the design code and requirement is the American Concrete Institute (ACI), and
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), hand calculation will be used
based on SBC, ACI, and AISC in order to check the output of the software
mentioned before. All the reinforce concrete and steel sections will be designed
based on the concrete slab not on CLT to have a fair comparison.

Literature review will be discussed in chapter 2 and it includes; the

properties of the CLT, high-rise building new technologies, and hybrid structure
design. A survey is conducted in chapter 3 and completed by local structural and
architectural engineers to study the current practice of ultra-lightweight floor
systems in Saudi Arabia. Chapter 4 discusses the planer design, chapter 5

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discusses the steel frame, chapter 6 discusses reinforce concrete frame, and
chapter 7 discusses the foundation design that is going to be part of the project in
order to see the foundation demand of the four different structural model. The
final chapters wraps up the project by results in chapter 8, and conclusion in
chapter 9.

Figure 2 60 story building model

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 Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 High-rise building:

High-rise buildings can be defined as any building that have 12 story or

more have emerged in late nineteenth century in the United States of America.
Since then high-rise buildings were only located in the North American countries,
but lately based on a statistic on 2006 most of the high-rise buildings are located
in Asia, and the highest buildings nowadays are also located in Asia especially in
the GCC countries. High-rise buildings traditionally have been constructed for
commercial uses. High-rise buildings since it discovery have faced a lot of
challenges, some of them are technical and some are economical challenges.
The governing factor for any high-rise buildings is normally the economical factor.
The major technical problems that is faced while designing the high-rise buildings
is the foundation demand and the lateral deformation due to wind and
earthquake. That’s one of the reasons high-rise structures have undergone an
intensive research and development by structural and architectural engineers.

Fazlur Khan in 1969 classified the structural system for high-rise buildings
based on their heights with consideration for efficiency in the form of “Heights for
Structural Systems”. This system later has been updated to separate the
concrete structural system from the steel structural systems. The classification in
Figure 3 shows how Fazlur Khan introduced the three-dimensional analysis
instead of series of planar system with the aid of computer to come up with this
classification (Ali, Moon, 2007).

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 Steel Frames

Concrete Frames

Figure 3 Classification of tall building stcrutral systems (Ali, Moon,

2007)

Basically, there are three main types of loads a high-rise structure must
handle: 1- gravitational loads (live and dead loads), 2- Lateral load due to wind,
3- Seismic load due to earthquake. Usually, after the tenth story the lateral drift
will be the governing criteria on the high-rise build structure. Structural systems
of high-rise buildings are divided into two categories: 1- Interior system, 2-
Exterior system. For the interior system there are two type of lateral load-
resisting: 1- Moment resisting frame (MRF). 2- Reinforce concrete shear wall.
The first type, which is the MRF, consists of a horizontal girder and a vertical
column connected rigidly. This type resists the load through the flexural stiffness

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of the members. The second type, which is reinforce concrete shear wall, and it
is the popular one, resists the lateral load primary through the axial stiffness of its
members. The shear wall interaction system can be seen in Figure 4. The
exterior structure depends on the nature of the building perimeter, because
based on it the vulnerability of the lateral load will vary. The most common type
of exterior structure is the tube, where many buildings in the United States have
used the tabular concept or a variation of it to resist the wind load.

Bending Shear Combination

displacement displacement displacement

Figure 4 Deformation of building under lateral load (Ali, Moon, 2007)

The direction of evolution of the high-rise buildings structural systems,

based on the new structural concepts with the newly discovered such as the
high-strength materials and the newly developed construction methods, all these
discoveries have been toward increase the efficiency of the high-rise buildings.
Furthermore, structural and architectural engineers are constantly trying to make
the structural systems lighter, in order to reduce the cost and the material
consumption. However, because of the lightness a serious problem could arise
primarily due to wind induced motion. These problems occurred because of the
relationship between the high-strength of the material itself, for example if the
strength of the material increase the modulus of elasticity of the material stay
same or increase slightly not in the same rate of the strength. The control of this

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structural motion should be considered for static load as well as dynamic loads.
For the static load, a stiffer columns and girders should produce less lateral drift.
For the dynamic load which produce a vibration for the high-rise buildings, a
dumping mechanism is required to dissipate and absorb the vibration that is
caused by the dynamic load of the wind. The discussion of damping systems is
important to for light material such as CLT when it is used in high-rise buildings
There are two damping systems one is passive system, the second is active
system.

There are two kind of passive damping system, 1- energy-dissipating-material-

based damping system such as viscous dampers, and 2- auxiliary mass system
to generate a counteracting inertia forces such as tuned mass dampers. The first
type which is energy-dissipating-material-based damping systems is generally
installed as integral part of the primary structural systems at vantage locations,
reducing the dynamic motion of high-rise buildings. The second type which is
auxiliary tuner mass damper (ATMD) systems to generate a counteracting inertia
forces is relatively complicated mechanical devices that allow and support the
intended performance of the mass. The frequency of the ATMD is usually
modified to match the fundamentals frequency of the primary structure. Usually
the ATMD is located near the top of the building to achieve the best performance
as shown in figure 5.

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Figure 5 Example on passive damper system (8)

The second type of damping systems which is the active damping system.
The active system is divided into two main category 1-Active mass damper
(AMD). 2- Active various stiffness (AVS) devices. The active system is defined as
“one that has the ability to determine the present state of the structure, decide on
a set of actions that will change this state to a more desirable one, and carryout
these actions in a controlled manner and in a short time” (Connor 2003). Since
some passive systems are sometimes ineffective for certain loading condition,
active systems can perform effectively over a much wider range and they are
more advanced form of functional performance-driven technologies. The way that
the active system work is basically is when the vibration is picked up by s sensor
that is already installed, then the optimum vibration control is calculated by a
computer, and then the movement of the building is reduce significantly by
shifting a moveable mass with an actuator. While this technology is still in
development stage, but it is expected to create an evolution in the high-rise
buildings damping systems.

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 In designing a high-rise building many factors need to be taken into
consideration in order to achieve high performance high-rise building such as site
context, environmental impact, energy consumption, and uses of durable
materials. A full integrating between structural and architectural engineers is
necessarily.

2.2 Hybrid Structure:

Since the first high-rise building that have been constructed many
developments have taken place in order to increase the efficiency of the high-rise
buildings. The term hybrid means in construction context is a structure that is
made by combining two different materials. This combination gives a variety of
advantages because it enhances the material deficiency, for example a building
that use steel column and timber beams, or a pre-cast unit for slab. Also
composite materials is a very important to consider as an alternative materials in
high-rise building like the fiber reinforcing for concrete, where the concrete is
weak in tension, but the fiber reinforcement is good in it, so by combining the two
material a new material has merged that contain the advantages of both of the
materials. It is always better to use two or more different materials rather than
one in order to get the maximum advantages of each material. Engineers
recently have discovered how hybrid material is essential to achieve structural
sustainability and rapid construction, not only that sometimes hybrid structure
could reduce the cost. Hybrid structure is very important especially for high-rise
buildings because of the different kind of loads that is acting on it. In figure 6 it is
noticed that hybrid materials or as sometimes called composite material have
proved to be an efficient material, that’s why it is now a strong competitor for
steel and reinforce concrete.

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Figure 6 Statistics about material used in high-rise buildings (7)

2.3 ULW Floor:

Floor selection in high-rise buildings design is one of the important

decision a structural engineers have to make (Asiz and Ahmed 2013), since it
composes 20% of the total structure weight. Lateral load is created from wind
that is transferred to the lateral load resisting system according to the stiffness of
each floor. The material needed for the floor framing depends upon the span of
the framing elements that is column to column distance, not based on the
building height. There are two type of floor systems one is reinforce concrete slab
which is the traditional one, the second type which is ultra-lightweight floor
system which is new and recently developed type of floor systems. There are
many new materials that are available to be used as an ultra-lightweight floor
system such as: 1- Plastbau eDeck. 2- Lightweight autoclaved aerated concrete
(AAC). 3- Cross laminated timber (CLT). These new materials have brought a lot
of benefits to the construction field such as the ease in installation and assembly,
improve in the safety measures on site, energy efficient, thermal efficiency, and
workability because they can be modified on site. Plastbau is made of molds
which are self-supported with metallic strips, and these molds contains ribs that
accommodate the steel reinforcement as sheen in figure 7. Also Plastbau slabs

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are prepared to accommodate several types of floor finishing (Plastbau Arabia
Co).

Figure 7 Plastbau slab

The AAC is a pre-cast concrete unit is a light weight material with a nominal dry
density equals to 550 kg/m3 which make it very light, the raw materials that is
required to make AAC is similar to the normal concrete materials such as water,
sand, cement, and aluminum power (Siporex). This type of pre-cast unit is used
in flooring and can be used as main construction material for 2 story house, a
figure 8 can be seen below. Siporex panel comes with different thickness that
vary from 7 to 20 inches (Siporex).

Figure 8 Siporex panel

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CLT is planks of timber stacked crosswise on glued on top of each other. The
connection between the CLT slab and the steel or reinforce concrete frame is
very critical because it is important to get the intended rigidity or flexibility of the
diaphragm as in Figure 9. As shown in the figure 9b below it’s very easy to
connect the beam to the CLT slab just by inserting fasteners.

(B) Reinforce concrete slab and steel beam (A) CLT slab and steel beam

Figure 9 Floor system of multi-story buildings (Asiz, Ahmed, 2013)

Previous study has been done to check the workability of the CLT slab with the
traditional reinforce concrete slab (Asiz, Smith, 2009; Asiz, Smith, 2011). CLT
thickness ranges from 6 to 12 inches. CLT is a timber-based composite material
that has been used in North America and Europe for low-rise buildings. The CLT
is going to be used in this project.

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 Figure 10 CLT

The trend of the structural and architectural engineers nowadays to build

green buildings with low carbon footprint and be LEED certified. However, some
people consider green buildings as inefficient buildings which mean that the
buildings are weak, but with CLT has the opportunity to be green building with a
strong structural performance and high durability as it shown in the figure below.
Also one of the CLT advantages is that it can accelerate the construction
because it’s a pre-fabricated timber and easy to install (BSLC, 2014). Not only
that CLT because of the cross lamination it minimizes the swelling and shrinkage
in the board panel, also it has a strong strength and stiffness to resist lateral load
such as wind and seismic loads. One of the problem people might think about
using wood is the fire resistance, CLT and wood in general is very strong fire
resistance material due to massiveness of its size and weight. in the figure below
11, 12 it shows a comparison of wood, steel, and reinforce concrete materials
under fire, and how wood have strong resistance against fire than steel and
concrete.

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 Figure 11 steel vs wood fire resistance (Sothwest
Research Institute)

Figure 12 Concrete fire resistance (9)

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 Chapter 3: Survey

3.1 Objectives:

The objective of this survey is to assess the awareness level of the public and
professionals about cross laminated timber (CLT) Technology, and the ultra-
lightweight flooring system (ULW). Another objective is to obtain feedback to
determine if hybrid towers are suitable for citizens In Saudi Arabia and GCC in
general, and to find out what Influential Factors that effects making the decision
to Use cross laminated timber (CLT) Technology, in addition to the effect of using
cross laminated timber (CLT) Technology in structural would impact all
perspectives such as environment, economy and community.

3.2 Methodology:

The survey will assess the level of public (Citizen, Resident) and professionals
(engineers, business men and investing companies, owners and decision makers
(. The awareness of both genders males and females in different age categories,
About cross laminated timber (CLT) Technology and the ultra-lightweight floor
system (ULW). A questionnaire has been created as an interview survey which is
consists of 15 main questions, the first 6 questions are directly related to cross
laminated timber (CLT) Technology and the ultra-lightweight floor system (ULW)
the other 6 questions focuses on the professionals side of the community
(engineers, business men and investing companies, owners and decision
makers). The last 3 questions are an interview type, where suggestions were
taken and notify expectations and experience. The areas that this survey has
been done is in the eastern region (Khobar, Dammam, Jubail ) of Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia and the Capital city ( Riyadh ) in add to the Kingdom of Bahrain.
Result from different areas and ages were taken in order to have more different
point of views in the results; Residents from many different areas are required to
fill out the surveys.

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All the cities has been visited one after the other. To get the surveys done,
Recorders were used to record the people interviews. An appointment was
taken. The surveys was emailed to whom could not have the time or the chance
to meet with us, So they could answer on the survey questions and send it back.
The questions were designed to scale the general people knowledge and
determine the influence factors that would effect on public opinion, Also the
missing factors that they required. All survey data is entered and analyzed with
the use of Excel sheets, and charts have been prepared for the results, For the
most significant questions in the survey.

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3.3 Results:

Segments of society involved in the survey

5%
7%
20%

Citizen 1

18% Engineers 2
Business man 3
Resident 4
under 21 years old 5
Government official 6

14%
36%

Figure 13 Segments of society involved in the survey

Public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers, business man and

investment company, owners and desirous makers)

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 Do you think high-rise buildings are
becoming a trend in the world ? And GCC
countries specifically?

37%

no yes

63%

Figure 14 Do you think high-rise are becoming trend in the world

More than 60% of public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,

business man and investment company, owners and desirous makers) think
high-rise buildings are becoming a trend in the world And GCC countries
specifically.

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 do you know about (ULW) Ultra-light-
weight floor system (CLT) Cross laminated
timber

No

Yes

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 15 Do you know about ULW

Less than 30% of the public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,
business man and investment company, owners and desirous makers) know
about (ULW) Ultra-light-weight floor system (CLT) Cross laminated timber.

How do you perceive using timber (CLT) in

structure or building ?

23%

46% Good idea

Bad idea
Not suitable

31%

Figure 16 How do you perceive using timber in structure

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More than 40% of the public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,
business men and investment company, owners and desirous makers)
interviewed perceive using timber (CLT) in structure or building is not suitable.

Have you pursuing new projects or buildings

using similar CLT technology or systems

25%

Yes
No
75%

Figure 17have you pursuing new projects or buildings using CLT

Almost 80% of the public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,

business man and investment company, owners and desirous makers) did not
pursue new projects or buildings using similar CLT technology or systems

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 Are hybrid towers suitable for Saudis
citizens culture In Saudi Arabia ?

60%
Market leadership
40% Structural Cost

Figure 18 Are hybrid towers suitable for Saudis

Less than 40% of public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,

business man and investment company, owners and desirous makers) think that
hybrid towers suitable for Saudis citizens culture In Saudi Arabia.

influential factors that could

encourage and satisfy you to use CLT
in a building
Speed of construction

insulation

termite

fire resistance

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Figure 19 Influential factors that could encourage you to use CLT

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Almost 100% of the public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,
business man and investment company, owners and desirous makers) care fire
resistance and termite if they want to use (CLT) technology.

Influential Factors on the Design making to

Use (CLT) Technology in Structural .
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Building
Acoustical Speed of
Market Structural Carbon energy Design
performanc constructio
leadership Cost footprint performanc aesthetic
e n
e
Series1 40 60 50 30 30 70 80

Figure 20 Influential factors on the design making to use CLT in structure

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 requency of Special / Additional Documentation
Required by government due to Use of CLT Technology ?

70%
30%
Yes
No

Figure 21 Requency of special documentation by government to use CLT

A majority of interviewed public and professionals about 70% believes that there
will be request of Special / Additional Documentation by government due to Use
of CLT Technology.

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 How did using (CLT) thecnology impact the
construction project schedule compared to a
conventional project?

63%

Faster 1

don't know 2
7%

Slower 3

30%

Figure 22 How did using CLT impact the construction project schedule compared
to conventional project

More than 60% of public (Citizen, resident) and professionals (engineers,

business man and investment company, owners and desirous makers) think that
using (CLT) technology would effect on project schedule that would make it
faster compared to a conventional project

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 Chapter 4: Planer Design

4.1 Concrete Slab:

The first stage of the structural design in a building is the Slab; it is the
stage that controls the number of sub beams by deflection. To begin with; The
type of slab must be known by dividing the width of the slab over the shortest
span from one sub beam to another, this formula is taken from the ACI code.

4.2 Concrete Sub Beam and Slab Design:

From the calculations the type of slab is one way slab. Next step is to
check the minimum slab thickness, This is done by using the formula from the
ACI code [Link] table 9.5(a), The width of the slab over 28, The result was 9.5in
slab thickness. The second stage is to design the sub beam that will carry the
load of slab and prevent deflection. Sub beams are used to transfer the load from
the slabs to the main beams (Girders). The design of the sub beam is done
based on the most critical sub beam that will take the maximum load from all side
acting on the sub beam. Figure 23 shows the critical sub beam in the layout.

Figure 23 Layout with critical sub beam

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This is done by subjecting the Sub beam with three sources of loads acting on
the Girder, the sources are: first- Live load which is taken from the Saudi building
code (SBC) chapter 4 table (4-1) commercial use tower, office type second-
Superimposed load that comes from many sources, from the interior partitions,
exterior wall and the flooring finishing. The interior partitions used are glass. The
exterior walls are double glazed glass, the flooring finishing used is ceramic tiles,
and therefore there is mortar to hold the ceramic tile with the floor. Third- Slab
self-weight. Basically the summation of these loads will give the total gravity load
that is acting on the sub beam as a uniform load which helps determine the cross
section of the sub beam through the maximum moment.

MB (max) = 181.18 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠. 𝑓𝑡

The calculated cross section of the sub beam is: b=8.5in, d=17in, h=20in

Figure 24 Sub beam cross section

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Therefore the weight of the sub beam can be calculated. Total concrete weight of
lb 8.5×20−5×0.6 lb
sub beam = 150
ft3
( 144
) = 184.18 ft . …………………….. eq
(1)

To be able to figure out the total deflection of the sub beam including the self-
weight of the sub beam. The area of steel is then calculated to figure the amount
of steel needed to hold the tension forces in the sub beam. Based on
(McCormac, Brown 2009 chapter 4) the following equation the area of steel is
calculated.

AS, req = ρ × b × d

ρ = permissible steel ratio.

b= width of beam.

d= depth of beam.

ρ is calculated from another equation based on (McCormac, Brown 2009 chapter

4)

0.85×𝑓𝑐′ 2×𝑀𝑢
× 1 − √(1 − ) …………………………………………eq (2)
𝑓𝑦 0.85(𝑓𝑐′)

After calculating the area of steel, 2.9𝑖𝑛2 . A match from the steel bars table in
the figure below must be found that matches with the area of steel required.
From the area of steel tables and number of bars 5#7 has area of 3.0𝑖𝑛2 which is
larger than the steel minimum needed.

Checking the compatibility of steel area with available width

b min = 2(1.5)+2(0.375)+ 3(0.875)=6.375in

Spacing between bars = 8.5in - 6.375in = 2.125in

2.125/2=1.0625in

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2 layer in the bottom, reinforcing steel of #7 which of those 3 in lower layer and 2
in upper layer.

Referring to figure 24 the area of steel is chosen from the table 1

Table 1 Area of steel table American A706 A1035 Steel Rebar Sizes & Rebar
Stock

Imperial “Soft” Weight Mass Nominal Nominal

Bar size Metric unit per unit Diameter Area
size length Length (in) (𝑖𝑛2 )
(lb/ft) (Kg/m)
#5 #16 1.043 1.556 0.625 0.31
#6 #19 2.044 3.049 0.750 0.44
#7 #22 2.67 3.982 0.875 0.6

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4.3 Concrete Main Beams (Girder) design:

The last stage in designing the flooring systems is to design the Main
beams or the girders. Girders transfer all the loads from the sub beams and the
slab to the main system columns. The design of the girder is done based on the
most critical girder in the system; if the most critical one is safe then the whole
system is safe. Figure 25 below will identify the most critical Girder in the layout.

Figure 25 layout for critical Girder

The working concept of the girder is that, it takes all the loads as point
load as the sub beams are sitting on the girder at different spans. The method for
calculating the girder moment is same as the sub beam, but the only difference is
the loads acting on the sub beam are uniform loads while the girder loads are
point loads. The max moment is then calculated. Max Moment =339.8 kips − ft.

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 Moment is the main aspect in calculating the cross section of any reinforced
concrete beam, calculating the dimensions, b=9.5in, d=19in, h=22in. as shown in

Figure 26 Girder cross section

in figure 16The total weight of the girder is then calculated. Total weight of sub
lb
beam = 284.2 ft . After checking the deflection with the weight of sub beam is

done. The area of steel is then calculated Based on (McCormac, Brown 2009
chapter 4) the following equation the area of steel is calculated.

AS, req = ρ × b × d

ρ = permissible steel ratio.

b= width of beam.

d= depth of beam.

ρ is calculated from another equation based on (McCormac, Brown 2009 chapter

4)

0.85×𝑓𝑐′ 2×𝑀𝑢
× 1 − √(1 − ) …………………………………………eq (2)
𝑓𝑦 0.85(𝑓𝑐′)

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AS req = 0.0197 × 10.5 × 21 = 4.35 in2 Roundup to 4.5in2

From the area of steel tables and number of bars 3#11 has area of 4.68in2 which
is larger than the steel minimum needed.

Checking the compatibility of steel area with available width

b min = 2(1.5)+2(0.375)+ 3(1.41)=7.98in

Spacing between bars = 10.5in - 7.98in = 2.52in 2.52/2=1.26in

Referring to figure 26 the area of steel is chosen from the table 2

Table 2 Area of steel for grider (American A706 A1035 Steel Rebar Sizes &
Rebar Stock)

Imperial “Soft” Weight Mass Nominal Nominal

Bar size Metric unit per unit Diameter Area
size length Length (in) (𝑖𝑛2 )
(lb/ft) (Kg/m)
#10 #32 4.303 6.418 1.27 1.27
#11 #36 5.313 7.924 1.41 1.56
#14 #43 7.65 11.41 1.693 2.25

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4.4 Steel Sub Beam Design:

The design of the steel beams has the same concept of concrete sub
beam, As both are designed based on the critical sub beam. But the properties
of the material is different, As a result the criteria of designing is different. There
are several steps and criteria that should be taken into consideration in order to
design a preliminary steel section, The steel sections that are going to be used
are W-shape. The first criteria is the local rapture of the sub beam. Second
criteria is the sub beam slenderness. Third criteria is the sub beam effective
length.

Table 3 Steel sub beam calculation

Subbeam
Length(ft.) 22.5
Deflection limit 1.125
Unfactored UDL (kip/ft.) 2.088
moment([Link]) 132.1313
Minimum moment of inertia (in^4) 369.3109
Factored UDL (kip/ft.) 2.863
moment([Link]) 181.1742
Minimum moment of inertia(in^4) 506.3876
Reaction forces (kip) 32.20875
unfactored UDL include self-weight 2.119
factored UDL include self-weight 2.9002
moment([Link]) 134.093
moment([Link]) 183.5283
Check for deflection 1.124382
Check for deflection
Check reaction 32.62725
section property W14x38
Self-weight (kip/ft.) 0.038
moment of inertia (in^4) 385
Mpx([Link]) 231
Vx(kip) 131

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4.5 Steel Girder Design:

The design of the steel girder is the same, Moment is calculated and from
the moment, the effective section is selected; check the rapture, slenderness and
deflection of the section from the moment acting from the weight of the slab,
weight of sub beam, live load, dead load and weight of the girder.

Table 4 steel Girder Calculation

Girder
Length(ft.) 25
Deflection limit 1.25
moment([Link]) 271.86
Minimum moment of inertia (in^4) 860.316
unfactored UDL include self-weight 0.065
factored UDL include self-weight 0.078
reaction without factor 33.44875
reaction with factor 33.61225
moment([Link]) without factor due self-weight 5.078125
moment([Link]) without factor due point load 277.6246
moment([Link]) with factor 285.0671
Check for deflection 1.026
Section property w18x65
self-weight (kip/ft) 0.065
moment of inertia (in^4) 1070
Mpx([Link]) 499
Vx(kip) 248

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 Chapter 5: Steel Column Design & Modeling

5.1 Column Design:

One of the important stages in structural design of a building is the

column, it is the stage that comes after the beam design and before the
foundation design. Columns or compression members as some books says are
designed to resist the compression forces that are acting on it. There are four
sources of loads that are acting on the column, 1- Live load. 2- Dead load. 3-
Slab self-weight. 4- Beam self-weight. Basically the summation of these loads will
give the total compression force that is acting on the column as a point load. In
this project the design will be in compliance with the Saudi Building Code (SBC),
the American Institute of Steel Construction, and the LRFD design equations will
be used.

The column steel sections that will be used are W-shape. There are
several steps and criteria that should be taken into consideration in order to
design a preliminary steel section. The first criteria is the local buckling of the
column. Second criteria is the column slenderness. Third criteria is the column
effective length. There are couple of steps to design steel column, the first step is
to identify the critical column which will be designed for, and in order to locate the
critical column the total factorized load acting on a column must be calculated.
This step must be done several time to check which column is the critical one. In
the table below is one example of calculating the point load that is acting on the
critical column, also the tributary area can be seen with orange square in figure
27. The full excel sheet can be found in the appendix C.

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Table 5 (Example of Point Load Calculation)

Load Lengt Length Area Thick- Pressure Density Factor Pu(kip)=

h (ft) (ft) (ft²) ness(ft force (kip/ft³) Area*Press
) (kip/ft²) ure force or
Area*thickn
ess*density
Live 22.5 20 450 0 0.1044 0 1.6 75.168
Dead 22.5 20 450 0 0.0285 0 1.2 15.372
Slab 22.5 20 450 0.791 0 0.150 1.2 64.125
Sub- 0 22.5 0.077 0 0 0.490 1.2 1.029
beam 8
Girder 0 20 0.133 0 0 0.490 1.2 1.564
Total 157.258

The second step after the converting the distributed loads into point load
acting on the column, and after locating the critical column which is shown in the
figure 27 below where the blue arrow pointing, is to start the steel design process
using LRFD method in compliance with the SBC and AISC. Also the design
process will consider several criteria such as column slenderness, stiffness, and
local buckling. From First of all K constant will be assumed as 1 time been based
on the value in figure 28 below, and after getting the steel sections. The accurate
effective length will be calculated. In the column design there will be 6 different
variations in the column size, the purpose of these variations is to reduce the
column size in top floors due to lower gravity load acting on it.

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 Figure 27 Typical floor layout with critical column

Figure 28 K value (McCormak, Csrenak, 2012)

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 The equation used to design steel column and compression is

∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅ × 𝐹𝑐𝑟 × 𝐴𝑔 (AISC Equation E3-1)∅ = 0.9.

And in order to find Fcr which is the flexural buckling stress of a column
𝐾×𝐿
the ratio must be calculated first, where K is a constant, L is the column
𝑅
length, and R is the radius of gyration. After finding this ratio the required steel
column section can be either found directly from table 4-1 from AISC Manuel or
indirectly by going to table 4-22. Since K is assumed to be equal to 1 and the
length of the column is 13 ft. for the first 3 stories and 10 ft. for the rest of the
building, a section can be found directly from the AISC table 4, this case only
applicable for the top floors since they carry less loads, however for the lower
floors the indirect method is going to be implanted in order to get the required
steel section. In following table is a summary of the total load obtained for each
variation.

Table 6 Total Pu for floors

Floor Group Pu (Kip)

1-3 9435
4-23 8806
24-33 5661
34-43 4088
44-53 2516
54-60 943.52

From the 60 story to the 4 story the direct design method is going to be
used since the force relatively small and it is available in the AISC Manuel. To
use the table 4-1 in the AISC Manuel for W-shape two things must be known,
which are: 1- K value which assumed to be 1. 2- The length which is 10 ft. By
entering the table 4-1 for W-shapes and Fy-50 ksi will find the required steel
sections. In the table below is the selection of steel column section for each floor

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group, and the property of the section. (The section have been selected with
tolerance added)

Table 7 Preliminary steel column section

Floor PU (kip) Steel ɸcPn (kip) Area Gross Ry (in)

Group Section (in²)
1-3 9435 W14X800 10124.2 227 4.72
4-23 8806 W14X730 9130 215 4.69
24-33 5661 W14X550 6840 162 4.49
34-43 4088 W14X398 4920 117 4.31
44-53 2516 W14X233 2900 68.5 4.1
54-60 943.52 W14X120 1470 35.3 3.74
𝐾𝐿
This part for indirect design for the first three stories. First the ratio will
𝑟
be considered equal to 30, then for fy= 50 ksi ɸcFcr from AISC table 4-22 equal
9435
to 42.1 Ksi, the gross area required is equal to = 224.64 𝑖𝑛2. After getting
42.1
the required area, going to the ETABS software where section is going to be
designed with following dimension:

Table 8 Dimensions for a manually designed steel section

Depth Web Flange Flange Moment Moment Radius

(in) thickness width (in) thickness of inertia of of
(in) (in) x-x (in4) inertia Gyration
y-y (in4) (in)
22.6 3.4 18.1 5.1 15108 5084 4.72

After the designed steel columns have been preliminary designed, and the
beams already been designed. It is possible now to get the accurate K value for
the column that have been preliminary designed. In order to get the accurate K
Value G factor must be calculated first through this equation:

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 𝐸𝑐×𝐼𝑐
∑( )
𝐿𝑐
𝐸𝑔×𝐼𝑔 AISC equation (C-A-7-2). E: modulus of elasticity, I: moment
∑( )
𝐿𝑔

of inertia (inch4), L: Length (in).

It is important to calculate the true K value because assuming is K value

as 1 is so conservative sometimes, and sometimes it might be not, but it is also
safe because it is recommended by the SBC and AISC codes. The importance of
calculating the accurate K value is to know the true effective length of the
column, and in order to do that the columns and the beams section must be
known. There are two type graphs that are going to be used in order to get the K
value, these two graphs depend on the G factor and on the sideway. The two
type of graphs can be seen in figure 2 9 below.

Moment
Braced
Frame
Frame

Figure 29 Jackson and Moreland Alignment

Chart (McCormac, Csernak, 2012)

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 In the table below an example is shown on how to calculate the G factor
and the new K value.

Table 9 G factor

Floor Shape Moment of Length I/L G K

group inertia (in) (in)
1-3 W14X800 15108 156 N/A 0 1
4-23 W14X730 14300 120 N/A 0 1.1
24-33 W14X550 9430 120 78.58 6.61 2.4
34-43 W14X398 6000 120 50 4.2 2
44-53 W14X233 3010 120 25.08 2.1 1.6
54-60 W14X120 1380 120 11.5 0.96 1.25
Girder W18X65 1070 180 5.944 N/A N/A

After calculating the new K value, a new stiffness reduction factor tau will
be calculated to get more accurate design instead of overly designed sections.
The tau factor depends on the column and girder. The equation for calculating
tau is:

𝑃𝑢 Pu
𝜏 = 4 (𝛼 ) × [1 − (α )]AISC equation C2-2b. Where α =1, Py=Fy*Ag
𝑃𝑦 Py

Or stiffness reduction factor tau can be found directly from the table 4-21 (AISC,
2013) by dividing the total load by the total area of the steel section. In the table
10 below is the tau stiffness factor with the new K factor.

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Table 10 K based on Tau

Floor Shape Pu (kips) Ag(in²) Pu/Ag Tau New K

group
1-3 W14X800 9435 227 N/A N/A 1
4-23 W14X730 8806 215 N/A N/A 1.1
24-33 W14X550 5661 162 34 0.9 2.1
34-43 W14X398 4088 117 35 0.84 1.7
44-53 W14X233 2516 68.5 36 0.8 1.3
54-60 W14X120 943.52 35.3 26 0.9 1.1

After finding the last modified K factor based on tau stiffness reduction
factor, it is needed now to check if the section with new K value is safe and can
handle the loads on it, after checking the sections, the next step would be the
modeling. In the table below is the new ɸcPn which is based on the new K.

Table 11 New ɸcPn for steel sections

Floor PU (kip) Steel KL ɸcPn (kip)

Group Section
1-3 9435 W14X800 13 10124.2
4-23 8806 W14X730 11 9130
24-33 5661 W14X550 21 5790
34-43 4088 W14X398 17 4470
44-53 2516 W14X233 13 2770
54-60 943.52 W14X120 11 1450

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 5.2 Modeling:

After finalizing all the preliminary designs starting by slab and beams and
finishing by columns. This step very important because using the software
mentioned in chapter 1 that will be used for the analysis is extensional three
dimensional analyses for building systems (ETABS) will help to check a lot of
parameters such as the steel stress/strain ratio, story drift, floor deflection, and a
lot of parameters that are important to check the structural performance. First
step in the modeling is to create a two steel frame model one using typical
reinforce concrete slab, and the other model will use the cross laminated timber
slab, however the first three stories for the CLT model will be concrete slab.
Second step is to draw the floor layout on the grid with moment connections with
the shear wall openings, after that the steel sections must be defined using the
data in table 4 before, and the data mentioned in chapter four for the beams.
After defining all the steel sections, the slab must be defined. For the first model
the slab will be reinforce concrete slab with 9.5 in. thickness, and for the second
model a CLT slab will be used and the mechanical properties for the CLT that will
be entered can be found in table 12 below. A wall section will be defined using a
5000psi concrete material with a wall thickness 30 inch.

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Table 12 Mechanical Properties (Asiz, Ahmed. 2013)

Property Steel Concrete CLT

Directional Properties Isotropic Isotropic Orthotropic
Density 7200 2400 400
Elastic modulus 200 25 E1=9
E2=4.5
G12=0.5
Poisson’s ratio 0.3 0.25 V12=0.3
Strength 250 27.5 Ft-1=20, ft-2=15
Fc-1=30, fc-2=25
F-shear=5
Notation: E=elastic modulus; G= modulus of rigidity; 1= CLT major direction; 2=CLT
minor direction; t=tension; c=compression

After defined all the required sections. The load cases and patterns must
be defined in order to check the structural performance under gravity loads, wind
loads, and seismic load. First things will be defined is the gravity loads (dead and
live) and then applying these loads on the slabs. The other two cases which are
wind and seismic will be defined as linear static using lateral load definition of
ASCE 7-10 and according to the Saudi Building Code (SBC 301). Since the wind
and seismic loads doesn’t act only on one axis, they will be defined separately in
x and y directions. The wind load is going to be assigned for the highest
registered wind speed in the SBC occurred in Saudi Arabia for exposure B which
means that the building will be located inside a urban area with an frame
exposure, the highest wind speed is located in Qaseem with a speed of 190 km/h
as located in figure 6.4-1 (SBC 301, 2007). For the seismic load the pattern will
be seismic drift, and the load definition is spectral acceleration will be equal to
0.33 based on the figure 9.4-1(SBC 301, 2007) and the exposure type is D
because the soil type isn’t fixed for a certain location. After that Load cases will

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be defined. The load cases are according to the SBC 301 and can be found in
the table 13 below.

Table 13 Load cases

Load case Load pattern Safety factor

DL+LL Dead load 1.2
Live load 1.6 Eq2.3.2-2(SBC 301)
DL+Windy Dead load 0.9
Windy 1.6 Eq2.3.2-6(SBC 301)
DL+Windx Dead load 0.9
Windx 1.6Eq2.3.2-6(SBC 301)
DL+EQy Dead load 0.9
EQY 1.6 Eq2.3.2-6 (SBC 301)
DL+EQx Dead load 0.9
EQX 1.6 Eq2.3.2-6 (SBC 301)

After defining all the steel, slab, wall sections the two model is ready for
analysis by ETABS based on the load cases which also have been defined. As
mentioned before this is the last step but it’s also a very important step because
this analysis is going to check the structural performance to make sure that the
structure is safe, then a comparison will be happening between the two floor
systems. The results will be discussed in the following chapters, and to compare
between the models also will be discussed on the last chapter.

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 Chapter 6 Concrete Column Design & Modeling

6.1 Column Design:

Designing concrete columns will follow the same initial steps mentioned in
chapter [Link] all loads on critical column into a point load. Since concrete
is heavier than CLT, concrete slab was used in calculating the point loads. The
table below shows calculation of point loads using concrete slab. Calculations for
several column locations are available in the appendix.

Table 14 Point load calculation for RC frame

Pu(kip)=
Area*Pre
Thick Pressure ssure
Length Length Area Volume Density
Load ness(f force Factor force or
(ft) (ft) (ft²) (ft³) (kip/ft³)
t) (kip/ft²) Area*thic
kness*de
nsity
Live 22.5 20 450 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 75.168
Dead 22.5 20 450 0 0 0.0285 0 1.2 15.372
Slab 22.5 20 450 0 0.792 0 0.15 1.2 64.125
Sub-
0 22.5 1.181 26.562 0 0 0.15 1.2 3.9843
beam
Girder 0 20 1.451 29.027 0 0 0.15 1.2 4.35416
Total 163

The building floors were divided into several groups. The design of the
columns for each group was based on the most bottom column in each group. In
order to find the total point load on each column, we multiply point load
calculated earlier by the number of floors above the desired column. The table
below shows the calculations.

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 Table 15 PU for floors groups

Floor Group Pu (kip)

1-3 9780.1909
4-13 9291.18135
14-23 7661.14953
24-33 6031.11772
34-43 4401.0859
44-53 2771.05408
54-60 1141.02227

To calculate the cross sectional area of the columns for each group this equation
was used.

Pu  0.8  0.85 fc ' Ag

The equation have been taken from (Wong, Salmon, 1992).

The table 16 below shows the calculations of cross sectional areas. However for
certain groups the area was huge. Therefore it was modified to use reasonable
dimensions.

Table 16 Columns dimensions

Floor Group Ag(in²) dimension (in) used (in)

1-3 5136.65488 72x72 60x60
4-13 4879.82214 70x70 60x60
14-23 4023.71299 64x64 60x60
24-33 3167.60384 57x57 57x57
34-43 2311.49469 49x49 49x49
44-53 1455.38555 39x39 39x39
54-60 599.276403 25x25 25x25

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6.2 modeling:

After obtaining the preliminary design of slabs, sub beams, beams, and
columns, it was important to verify the design complies with SBC and ACI. The
program used for the analysis is (ETABS) as mentioned earlier in the first
chapter. The ETABS allows us to check slab deflection, members passing or not,
and story drift. The first step was modeling one floor for two different slabs
materials with all structural elements. The two slabs are concrete and CLT. (The
properties of the materials used are mentioned in table 12). The elements include
slabs, beams, columns, and shear walls. The second step was defining the
materials that will be used in the modeling. The concrete used for slab, beams
and columns is 4000psi concrete. The shear walls concrete however is 5000psi
concrete. The dimensions of all structural members were used as per the
preliminary design. However, wall thickness was used as 30in. Third step was
applying loads on the frame. The loads include dead, live, wind and seismic
loads. Dead and live load were applied to the slab, while wind and seismic loads
were assigned to the frame. The last step was defining the load cases. The
values for the loads and load cases were mentioned earlier in the chapter 5. By
the end of this step, the model was ready to check the performance of the
building against the load cases.

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 Chapter 7: Foundation Design

Foundation is an essential part of any structural building because it holds

the structure, and it is the last stage of the building design. There are mainly
three type of foundation: 1- Shallow foundation. 2- Deep foundation. 3- Mixed
Foundation. For the first type shallow foundation it comes with three different
type either individual footing, strip footing, or raft or mat foundation. Shallow
foundation is basically considered as surface foundation because of its relatively
short depth, the material used for the shallow foundation is reinforce concrete,
Shallow foundation is usually used for small buildings because it can’t carry a lot
of weight, also its considered cheap because it requires less excavation.

The second type which is the deep foundation it comes with one type
which is pile foundation, it called deep foundation because it requires a very deep
exaction in order to place the pile, usually it made from steel, but sometimes it
can be made out of reinforce concrete. The deep foundation is usually used for
heavy-weight structure that require a very strong, also it used when there is a
weak soil layers near the surface. The pile foundation comes in two type either
end bearing pile, or friction pile. The deep foundation most of the time require a
solid rock layer to place the piles because of the settling time, rarely it can be
placed in a weak soil but the friction pile must be used in this case. The deep
foundation is considered expansive because it requires a very deep excavation

The third type which is the mixed foundation is basically a mix between
the shallow foundation, and the deep one. For this type engineers usually mix the
raft or mat shallow foundation with the end bearing pile foundation, the mix is
very beneficial and it usually used for high-rise buildings. This is the type that is
going to be implanted in the report. Further discussion about the design process
for this project will be in the next pages. Also one example will be shown in
chapter 7 the rest can be found in appendix D.

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7.1 Raft or Mat Foundation Design:

As mentioned before the type of the foundation is mixed, so the first

design step would the raft foundation, the following example is for steel frame
with a concrete slab. The first step of designing the raft foundation is to calculate
the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil will considered as 35kips/ft2

After calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil, the next step is
to calculate the depth of the raft foundation. The design method that is going to
be used is the conventional rigid method. The first step is to identify the highest
total base reaction force from the load cases that have been mentioned in the
previous chapter, and the total base reaction was as expected dead and live load
combo. After identifying the critical load case, second step is to calculate the
pressure from the column or joints on the soil using the following relation:

𝑄 𝑀𝑦∗𝑥 𝑀𝑥∗𝑦
𝑞= + + Where: q=pressure (kip/ft2), Q= total reaction
𝐴 𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑥
forces (kips), A= area of the building (ft2), M= moment ([Link]), x or y= distance
from the joint to the center of the building (ft.), I= moment of inertia (ft4)

To simplify the design process well-distributed joints with high reaction

forces have been taken, the following table is summary of the calculation:

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 Table 17 joint pressure on soil calculation

label X y Q Total My Mx Ix Iy A q
kips [Link] [Link] ft^4 ft^4 ft² kips/ft²
1 -101.25 32.5 399294 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.14566
23 101.25 32.5 399294 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 29.99404
11 -101.25 -32.5 399294 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.67752
20 101.25 -32.5 399294 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.5259
29 -33.75 32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.09512
26 33.75 32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.04458
14 -33.75 -32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.62698
17 33.75 -32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.57644
75 101.25 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.25997
7 -101.25 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.41159
325 -36 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.36273
337 36 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.30883
399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.33578

After getting several pressure forces on the soil, the next step is to choose
one critical strip of joints with high reaction forces to obtain the shear, and
moment diagram to calculate the area of steel later. The strip of joint that have
been selected can be seen in the figures 30, 31, 32 below.

Figure 30 Joint layout

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 Figure 31 shear diagram

Figure 32 Moment diagram

The next step is to calculate the raft foundation depth using the following
equation:

𝑈 = 𝑏𝑜 × 𝑑 × (𝛷 × 0.34 × √fc ′ ) Where: U= highest reaction

force (MN), bo= tributary perimeter around the column (m), d= depth (m),

= 0.85 , fc’= 27.5 MN/m^2

Following table shows the calculation:

Table 18 Foundation depth

u u fc' d
kips MN MN/m² m
4184.91 18.615 27.5 2.5

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 The last stage of the raft foundation design is to calculate the required
area of steel for the raft. In order to calculate the area of steel, the first thing
needed is the ultimate moment that can be seen in figure 32 above, after that the
following equation will be used:

a
Mu = Φ × As × fy × (d − ) Where Mu= ultimate moment ([Link]),
2

Φ = 0.85 , As= area of steel (ft²), fy= 50 (ksi), d= depth (ft)

The rest of the calculation for the other buildings can be found in appendix D

7.2 Pile foundation design:

The pile foundation design will consist of one part which is calculating the
elastic settlement because the pile will be piled on a rock bed. In order to
calculate the elastic settlement, a several diameters of steel piles will be
assumed in order to check which one gave an appropriate time of settlement.

To calculate the elastic settlement of the pile the following equation is

going to be used:

Q×L
S1 =
A×E

Where Q= point load (KN), L= pile length (m), A= pile cross section area (m²), E=
elastic modulus (pa)

The following table has an example of pile foundation calculation:

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Table 19 Pile foundation calculation
Raft Elastic
Pile depth diameter area of elastic settlement
foundation (m) L(m) pile(m) pile (m²) Q(kN) (Gpa) (m)
1 2.5 7.5 0.03 0.0007065 24349.56 2E+11 0.001292439
2 2.5 7.5 0.04 0.001256 24349.56 2E+11 0.000726997
3 2.5 7.5 0.05 0.0019625 24349.56 2E+11 0.000465278
4 2.5 7.5 0.06 0.002826 24349.56 2E+11 0.00032311

The rest of the calculation can be found in appendix D. The raft and pile cross
section can be found in the figure 33 below.

Figure 33 foundation cross section

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 Chapter 8: Results

After all four models have been run using all the cases mentioned
before. In this chapter a comparison between reinforce concrete slab with CLT
slab in a reinforce concrete frame, and reinforce concrete slab with CLT slab in a
steel frame will going to be conducted in order to check the buildings
performance under the gravity loads and the lateral loads, and to come up with a
conclusion in chapter 9.

8.1 Steel Buildings:

As anticipated the wind load in general and specifically in the y

direction was the governing load for the drift, and the gravity load was the
governing for the base reaction as mentioned in chapter 6 in the steel frame both
for reinforce concrete slab and CLT slab, that is due of the building height which
is 600 ft., also since the building have a rectangular layout. The comparison
between the two slabs will consider several criteria, the first one is the building
drift in y and x axis due to wind, as seen in figure 34, 35 below. As seen the
maximum drift due to wind and dead load combinations in the steel frame with
CLT slab is higher by approximately 5 inches in total comparing it with the steel
building with reinforce concrete slab. The detailed drift and the inter-story drift
can be seen in appendix E. However, both steel frames drifts are less than the
maximum allowable drift mentioned in the Saudi building code for occupation
category 2 (SBC301, 2005).

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 Figure 34 Steel frame with RC slab displacement

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 Figure 35 Steel frame with CLT slab displacement
Second criteria is the slab deflection. Slab deflection have been checked
only under gravity load which have the dead and live load combination, since
slab or floor system are designed to carry gravity loads only. It has been noted
that reinforce concrete slab have a maximum deflection of 0.7 in. comparing to
0.8 in reinforce CLT slab. That comes from the stiffness and the high modulus of
elasticity of reinforce concrete slab comparing it to the CLT slab. The floor
deflection can be seen in figure 36, 37.

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 Figure 36 RC slab deflciton

Figure 37 CLT slab deflection

Third criteria is the stress/strain ratio. The stress/strain ration is an

indication for how safe is the steel member based on its capacity, and how much
is the deformation based on the stress applied on the member, the stress/strain
ratio should be less than 1 if it is more than 1 it means that the steel member is

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going to fail under the stress acting on it. It has been noted that most of the
stress/strain ratio for the steel frame with reinforce concrete is higher than the
one with CLT slab in all load cased, that’s due of the heaviness of reinforce
concrete slab that is causing higher stress and moment on the steel members.

Fourth criteria is the reaction forces in the base floor. It is important to

check the reactions because as mentioned in chapter 6 it will help in designing
the foundation. As mentioned before that the governed force was the gravity load
as mentioned in chapter 6, and in table 19 and 20 below total reactions forces
obtained from steel frame with reinforce concrete slab and the steel frame with
CLT slab.

Table 20 Steel frame, R.C slab reaction forces

R.C

load case FX(kips) FY(kips) FZ(kips) MX([Link]) MY([Link]) MZ([Link])

DL+LL 0 0 399294.707 12939157 -40394830 -0.00002351
DL+EQx -1656.854 0 234090.972 7576454 -24416428 53605.3443
DL+EQy 0 -1152.539 234090.972 8093194 -23673579 -116544
DL+wind
x -6774.504 0 210681.875 6818809 -23595734 195441.5796
DL+wind
y 0 -16733.522 210681.875 12483985 -21306221 -1632149

Table 21 Steel frame, CLT slab reaction forces

CLT

load case FX (kips) FY(kips) FZ(kips) MX([Link]) MY([Link]) MZ([Link])

DL+LL 0 0 319247.433 10337700 -32290044 -0.00002786
DL+EQx -1259.747 0 167384.91 5408574 -17482088 40664.5863
DL+EQy 0 -1259.747 167384.91 5971072 -16919590 -127302
DL+wind
x -6774.504 0 150646.419 4867716 -17517144 195441.5791
DL+wind
y 0 -16733.522 150646.419 10532893 -15227631 -1632149

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 Fifth criteria is the foundation demand. The foundation demand have
been designed in chapter 7 because it is one of the essential criteria in
comparison since is a very critical element in any structural building. The results
that have been obtained and can be seen in table 22 below shows that the steel
building with CLT floor systems require less foundation than the RC floor system,
and that comes from the lightness of the CLT slab compared to the RC slab, also
that means that less excavation and civil works are required. For the pile
foundation in order to have reasonable comparison the length of the piles will be
equal and the diameter of the pipe also will be equal.

Table 22 Foundation Demand for steel building

Building type Steel building with RC Steel building with CLT

slab slab
Raft foundation depth 2.5 2
(m)
Raft foundation As (ft²/ft 0.12 for negative 0.1 for negative moment
moment 0.018 for positive
0.022 for positive moment
moment
Pile foundation 0.3 0.2
settlement (mm)

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8.2 Reinforce Concrete Buildings:

For reinforce concrete building almost the same criteria that have been
used before in the steel building will be used for reinforce concrete building in
order to get the results and to check the structural performance of the two
building that have different type of slabs.

First criteria is the building drift. The building displacement will be

checked under wind with dead load in the y direction since it was the highest, as
shown in the figure 38 ,39 below, the reinforce concrete frame with reinforce
concrete slab have less displacement than the reinforce concrete building with
CLT slab almost 10 in.

Figure 38 RC frame with RC slab displacement

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 Figure 39 RC frame with CLT slab displacement
Second criteria is the slab deflection. The slab deflection will be checked
under gravity loads only, and as shown in figure 40, 41 below the concrete slab
deflection had a deflection of 0.65 in less than the CLT slab which had a 0.75 in.

Figure 40 RC slab deflection

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 Figure 41 CLT slab deflection

Third criteria is the total base reaction. As mentioned before checking the
total base reaction force is very important for the foundation design stage. In the
table 23 and 24 is the total base reactions.

Table 23 RC frame, RC slab reaction forces

R.C

load case FX(kips) FY(kips) FZ(kips) MX([Link]) MY([Link]) MZ([Link])

475405.7
DL+LL 0 0 15300485 -48016848 1.07E-05
41
297516.8
DL+EQx -9139.351 0 9544228 -33708921 292866.736
33
297516.8
DL+EQy 0 -9139.351 13227889 -30025260 -922146
33
DL+wind 267765.1
-11924.772 0 8589805 -30540877 357884.929
x 5
DL+wind 267765.1
0 -23742.036 16147617 -27022734 -2328984
y 5

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Table 24 RC frame, CLT slab reaction forces

CLT

load case FX (kips) FY(kips) FZ(kips) MX([Link]) MY([Link]) MZ([Link])

395433.4
DL+LL 0 0 12701465 -39919652 -1.82E-05
34
230873.2
DL+EQx -6921.316 0 7378378 -26027161 220584.0511
44
230873.2
DL+EQy 0 -6921.316 10127942 -23277596 -697416
44
DL+wind 207785.9
-11924.772 0 6640540 -24467980 357884.9291
x 2
DL+wind 207785.9
0 -23742.036 14198352 -20949837 -2328984
y 2

The last criteria is the foundation demand. Foundation as mentioned

before is very important structural element, in the table 25 below is the
foundation results

Table 25 Foundation Demand for RC building

Building type RC building with RC slab RC building with CLT

slab
Raft foundation depth 3 2.6
(m)
Raft foundation As (ft²/ft) 0.13 for negative 0.11 for negative
moment moment
0.027 for positive 0.018 for positive
moment moment
Pile foundation 0.6 0.5
settlement (mm)

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 Chapter 9: Conclusion

60 story building with four models each have different combination of

hybrid structure have been analyzed by ETABS using load cases mentioned in
chapter 5. In this chapter will be a summary of the results from all models. The
project main objective is to compare all models with same specification but
different floor system. Two models are concrete structure with concrete slab and
CLT slab, other two are steel with concrete slab and CLT slab. The foundation is
made from two parts the matt foundation and underneath it comes the piles to
increase the fixture of the building. The pile is designed according to the highest
load from the column

Comparing steel frames with CLT and Concrete slabs. The drift in steel
frame with reinforced concrete slab was less the CLT slab, the steel stress and
strain ratio was higher in the reinforced concrete slab structure than the CLT slab
structure that indicates an opportunity to save more material if we designed the
frame according to the CLT reaction forces , reaction forces for the CLT slab
structure was less than the reinforced concrete slab structure by 20%, Mat
foundation demand for CLT slab structure was less than the reinforced concrete
slab structure by 20%. From 2m - 2.5m

Comparing concrete frames with CLT and Concrete slabs. The drift in
concrete frame with reinforced concrete slab was less than the concrete frame
with CLT by 18%. The difference between the concrete slab and CLT slab is that
the CLT has 15% more deflection than concrete and the less 17% in total
reaction force acting on column. Mat Foundation demand for CLT is from 2.6m -
3m.

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 Comparing concrete and steel frames. Overall structure performance for
the steel frame was better than the concrete. Either with reinforced concrete slab
or CLT slab. As the drift for steel frame is very close than the concrete frame.
The matt foundation for steel frame with CLT is 2m while the mat foundation for
concrete frame with CLT slab is 2.6m.

For the four models the pile foundation will have the same diameter and
the same length. To have fair comparison between the four models. The
settlement will differ from the concrete frame with concrete slab from the
concrete frame with CLT slab by 17%. And for the steel frame with concrete slab
is more than steel frame with CLT slab by 21%. No matter what size the diameter
and the length of the pile are chosen. If the diameter and length of the pile does
not change in the four models the settlement will be the same.

Finally from a structural performance perspective the steel with CLT slab
was the lightest and have more potential to save materials from the other
models. However it had higher drift. To obtain better result design the steel frame
with CLT slab according to the weight and reaction of CLT slab. This will result in
smaller section of sub beam therefore less weight on the girder and on the
columns resulting in reduction of the reaction on the foundation. By that it will
save more material.

USER 73
 References:

1. Ali, M. , Moon, K. (2007), Structural Developments in Tall Buildings:

Current Trend and Future Prospects, Architectural Science Review,
Vol 50.3, pp205-223.
2. Asiz, A,. Ahmed, D. (2013), Structural Modeling and Design of Tall
Buildings Composed of Ultra-Lightweight Floor Systems, ASEM13.
3. Gagnon, S. Mohammed. M. (2011), Structural Performance and
Design of CLT Building, FPInnovations.
4. BSLC. (2014), Survey of International Tall Wood Buildings.
5. Holt, R. Wardle, K. (2014), Lessons from Tall Wood Buildings,
Research Journal, Vol 06.02
6. Vambersky, J. (2004), High-Rise Buildings in the Netherlands:
Hybrid Structures and Precast Concrete, CTBUH 2004 Seoul
Conference.
7. Buyukozturk, O. Gunus, O. (2004), High-Rise Buildings: Evolution
and Innovations, MIT, CIB2004 World Building Congress.
8. Alastair. D. (2015), The Amazing Tricks Used to Build Skyscraper,
TEQZY, Retrieved from: [Link]/technology/the-amazing-
tricks-used-to-build-skyscraper/4.
9. Kodur, V. (1997), Fire Resistance of Reinforce Concrete Column,
National Research Council Canada, Retrieved from: [Link]
[Link]/ctu-sc/ctu_sc_n6.
10. Shin, M. Kang, T. Grossman, J. (2009), Practical Modelling of High-
Rise Dual Systems with Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Frames,
Wiley Interscience.
11. Connor, J. (2003), Introduction to Structural Motion Control, New
York: Prentice Hall.
12. J. McCormac, R. Brown. (2009). Design of Reinforced Concrete,
Wiley and Sons, Eighth edition

USER 74
 13. C. Wang, C. Salmon. (1992). Reinforced Concrete Design, Harper
Collins, Third edition.
14. McCormac, J. Csernak, S. (2012), Structural Steel Design, Pearson
Education, Fifth edition.
15. AISC (2011), Steel Construction Manuel, American Institute of
Steel Construction Fourteenth edition.
16. ACI (2011), Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete and
Commentary, American Concrete Institute.
17. SBC 301 (2007), Saudi Building Code, Saudi Building Code
National Committee first edition.

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Appendix A (Planar design)
Design of slabs

22.5ft

8.333ft
25ft

One way slab check

𝑙 8.333𝑓𝑡
= = 0.37 (from ACI code)
𝐵 22.5𝑓𝑡

Slab thickness check

𝑙 22.5×12
= =9.64in Reduce to 9.5in
28 28

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 Concrete slab
Loads subjected on slab
Density of concrete: 2500kg/mᶟ
Total weight of slab
9.5𝑖𝑛 0.150𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 0.11875𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
WDslab= × =
12𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 2

5𝐾𝑁 0.1044𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
WL= 𝑚2 = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝐵𝐶
𝑓𝑡 2

25𝐾𝑁
Density of glass = 𝑚3

Glass interior = 10mm from [Link]

25𝐾𝑁 1𝑚 0.25𝐾𝑁 0.005221𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Wglass interior = × 10𝑚𝑚 × 1000𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑚3 𝑚2 𝑓𝑡 2

Glass exterior = 28mm from [Link]

25𝐾𝑁 1𝑚 0.7𝐾𝑁 0.0146𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Wglass exterior = × 28𝑚𝑚 × 1000𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑚3 𝑚2 𝑓𝑡 2

23.5𝐾𝑁
Density of ceramic = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝐵𝐶
𝑚3

Thickness of ceramic tile = 4mm From Market

23.5𝐾𝑁 1𝑚 0.094𝐾𝑁 0.00196𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
WDceramic = × 4𝑚𝑚 × 1000𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑚3 𝑚2 𝑓𝑡 2

20.5𝐾𝑁
Density of Mortar = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝐵𝐶
𝑚3
1
Thickness of Mortar = 16 𝑖𝑛 = 1.6𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑚
20.5𝐾𝑁 1𝑚 0.0328𝐾𝑁 0.000685𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
WDmortar = × 1.6𝑚𝑚 × 1000𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑚3 𝑚2 𝑓𝑡 2

(0.11875+0.005221+0.0146+0.00196+0.000685) 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 0.147216𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Total Dead load = =
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 2

0.1044𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Live load = 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Ultimate load Wu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 0.147216(1.2) + 0.1044(1.6) = 0.3437 𝑓𝑡 2

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 Sub beam design

Load subjected on the beam = Wu × Width

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
= 0.3437 × 8.333𝑓𝑡 = 2.863
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 2.863
Point load = 2.863 × 22.5𝑓𝑡 = 64.4 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡

32.2kips 32.2kips
32.2kips 32.2kips

22.5ft
32.2kips

32.2kips

32.2k 11.25ft
ips
32.2kips
0 0
32.2kips

ips 11.25ft
11.25ft

11.25ft

32.2kips
B

181.18 kips-ft
11.25ft

11.25ft

0 0
11.25ft

11.25ft
11.25ft

22.5 22.5 22.5

Max MB = (32.21kips × 𝑓𝑡) − (2.863𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 × 𝑓𝑡 × 𝑓𝑡) = 181.18 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠. 𝑓𝑡
2 2 4
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝜀𝑐
ρ= × 𝛽(𝜀𝑡+𝜀𝑐)
𝑓𝑦

0.85×4 0.003
ρb = × 0.85 (0.00207+0.003) = 0.0285
60

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 Beam dimensions design
Mu 𝑓𝑦
≤ (Φ × ρm × fy (1- 1.7(𝑓𝑐 ′ ) ×ρm))
𝑏𝑑2

[Link] 60
≤ (0.9 × 0.021375 × 60(1- 1.7(4) ×0.021375))
𝑏𝑑2

𝑏𝑑2 =2322.82𝑖𝑛3
d = 2b
b=8.5in, d=17in, h=20in
Area of steel in beam
AS,req = ρ × b × d

0.85×4000 2×983.4
ρ= × 1 − √(1 − 0.85(4000)) = 0.01988
60000

ρmin=0.0033 , ρmax=0.0214
AS,req = 0.01988 × 8.5 × 17 = 2.87 𝑖𝑛2 Roundup to 2.9𝑖𝑛2
From the area of steel tables and number of bars 5#7 has area of 3.0𝑖𝑛2 which is
larger than the steel minimum needed.
Checking the compatibility of steel area with available width
b min = 2(1.5)+2(0.375)+ 3(0.875)=6.375
Spacing between bars = 8.5in - 6.375in = 2.125in
2.125/2=1.0625in
2 layer in the bottom, reinforcing steel of #7 which of those 3 in lower layer and 2
in upper layer.
𝑙𝑏 8.5×20−5×0.6 𝑙𝑏
Total concrete weight of sub beam = 150 𝑓𝑡 3 ( ) = 173.96 𝑓𝑡
144

𝑙𝑏
Total steel weight of sub beam = 2.044 × 5 = 10.22 𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
Total weight of sub beam = 173.96 𝑓𝑡 + 10.22 𝑓𝑡 = 184.18 𝑓𝑡

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 Main beam (Girder)

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Slab weight = (1.2)2.863 = 3.436
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Sub beam = (1.2)0.184 = 0.221
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Total weight = 3.436 + 0.221 = 3.657
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
3.657 × 11.25ft = 41.1kips
𝑓𝑡

82.2𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

41.1𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 41.1𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

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 41.1kips 41.1kips 41.1kips 41.1kips
32.2kips 32.2kips 32.2kips 32.2kips

32.2kips 32.2kips 32.2kips 32.2kips

ips ips ips ips

82.2kips 82.2kips
32.2kips 32.2kips

22.5ft
41.1kips 32.2kips

32.2kips 32.2kips

32.2kips ips
ips 0 0
8.333ft 8.333ft
8.333ft
11.25ft

11.25ft

41.1kips
B 339.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑓𝑡
11.25ft

0 0
11.25ft

11.25ft
11.25ft

Max MB = (41.1kips × 16.6𝑓𝑡) − (82.2𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 × 16.6𝑓𝑡) + (41.1𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 × 8.333𝑓𝑡) =

339.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 − 𝑓𝑡
Mu 𝑓𝑦
≤ (Φ × ρm × fy (1- ×ρm))
𝑏𝑑2 1.7(𝑓𝑐 ′ )

[Link] 60
≤ (0.9 × 0.021375 × 60(1- 1.7(4) ×0.021375))
𝑏𝑑2

𝑏𝑑2 =4356.4𝑖𝑛3
d = 2b
b=10.3in
Reduce to 9.5
b=9.5in, d=19in, h=22i

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 Area of steel in sub beam
AS,req = ρ × b × d
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑀𝑢 339.8 12𝑖𝑛 1000
𝑓𝑡
K¯=𝜙𝑏𝑑2 = × × 1𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 1321.1
0.9×9.5×192 1𝑓𝑡

0.85×4000 2×1321.1
ρ= × 1 − √(1 − 0.85(4000)) = 0.03
60000

Increase b=10.5in d=21in h=24in

𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑀𝑢 339.8 12𝑖𝑛 1000
𝑓𝑡
New K¯=𝜙𝑏𝑑2 = × × 1𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 978.4
0.9×10.5×212 1𝑓𝑡

0.85×4000 2×978.4
ρ= 60000
× 1 − √(1 − 0.85(4000)) = 0.0197

ρmin=0.0033 , ρmax=0.0214

Area of steel in girder

AS,req = ρ × b × d
AS,req = 0.0197 × 10.5 × 21 = 4.35 𝑖𝑛2 Roundup to 4.5𝑖𝑛2
From the area of steel tables and number of bars 3#11 has area of 4.68𝑖𝑛2 which
is larger than the steel minimum needed.
Checking the compatibility of steel area with available width
b min = 2(1.5)+2(0.375)+ 3(1.41)=7.98in
Spacing between bars = 10.5in - 7.98in = 2.52in 2.52/2=1.26in
𝑙𝑏 10.5×24−5×1.56 𝑙𝑏
Total concrete weight of sub beam = 150 𝑓𝑡 3 ( ) = 257.6 𝑓𝑡 Total
144
𝑙𝑏
steel weight of sub beam = 5.313 × 5 = 26.565 𝑓𝑡

𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
Total weight of sub beam = 257.6 𝑓𝑡 + 26.565 𝑓𝑡 = 284.2 𝑓𝑡

USER 82
 Appendix B (Steel column calculations)

Pu(kip)=Area*Pressure
column Pressure
Length Length Area Thick- Volume Density force
1 Load force Factor
(ft) (ft) (ft2) ness(ft) (ft3) (kip/ft3) or
(critical) (kip/ft2)
Area*thickness*density

Live 22.5 20 450 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 75.168

Dead 22.5 20 450 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 15.37218
Slab 22.5 20 450 0.79167 356.2515 0 0.15 1.2 64.12527
Sub-
0 22.5 0.0778 0 1.7505 0 0.49 1.2 1.029294
beam
Girder 0 20 0.133 0 2.66 0 0.49 1.2 1.56408
Total 157.25882

Pu(kip)=
Thick- Pressure
column Length Length Area Volume Density Area*Pressure force
ness force Factor
2 Load (ft) (ft) (ft2) (ft3) (kip/ft3) or
(ft) (kip/ft2)
Area*thickness*density

Live 11.25 12.5 140.625 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 23.49

Dead 11.25 12.5 140.625 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 4.80380625
Slab 11.25 12.5 140.625 0.79167 111.32859 0 0.15 1.2 20.03914688
Sub-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.49 1.2 0
beam
Girder 0 23.75 0.133 0 3.15875 0 0.49 1.2 1.857345
Total 50.190298

USER 83
 Thick- Pressure Pu(kip)=Area*Pressure
column Length Length Area Volume Density
ness force Factor force or
3 Load (ft) (ft) (ft2) (ft3) (kip/ft3)
(ft) (kip/ft2) Area*thickness*density

Live 22.5 12.5 281.25 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 46.98

Dead 22.5 12.5 281.25 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 9.6076125
Slab 22.5 12.5 281.25 0.7916 222.657 0 0.15 1.2 40.07829375
Sub-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.49 1.2 0
beam
Girder 0 22.5 0.133 0 2.9925 0 0.49 1.2 1.75959
Total 98.425496

Pu(kip)=Area*Press
Thick- Pressure
column Length Length Area Volume Density ure force or
ness Force Factor
4 Load (ft) (ft) (ft2) (ft3) (kip/ft3) Area*thickness*den
(ft) (kip/ft2)
sity

Live 11.25 7.5 84.375 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 14.094

Dead 11.25 7.5 84.375 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 2.88228375
Slab 11.25 7.5 84.375 0.79167 66.797156 0 0.15 1.2 12.02348813
Sub-
0 11.25 0.0778 0 0.87525 0 0.49 1.2 0.514647
beam
Girder 0 7.5 0.133 0 0.9975 0 0.49 1.2 0.58653
Total 30.100949

USER 84
 Appendix C (Reinforce concrete column calculation)

Pu(kip)=Area*Pressure
column Pressure
Length Length Area Thick- Volume Density force
1 Load force Factor
(ft) (ft) (ft2) ness(ft) (ft3) (kip/ft3) or
(critical) (kip/ft2)
Area*thickness*density

Live 22.5 20 450 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 75.168

Dead 22.5 20 450 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 15.37218
Slab 22.5 20 450 0.79167 356.2515 0 0.15 1.2 64.12527
Sub-
0 22.5 1.18 0 26.55 0 0.15 1.2 4.779
beam
Girder 0 20 1.451 0 29.02 0 0.15 1.2 5.2236
Total 164.66805

Pu(kip)=Area*Pressure
Pressure
column Length Length Area Thick- Volume Density force
force Factor
2 Load (ft) (ft) (ft2) ness(ft) (ft3) (kip/ft3) or
(kip/ft2)
Area*thickness*density

Live 11.25 12.5 140.625 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 23.49

Dead 11.25 12.5 140.625 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 4.803
Slab 11.25 12.5 140.625 0.79167 111.328 0 0.15 1.2 20.039
Sub-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 1.2 0
beam
Girder 0 23.75 1.451 0 34.461 0 0.15 1.2 6.203
Total 54.5359

USER 85
 Thick- Pressure Pu(kip)=Area*Pressure
column Length Length Area Volume Density
ness force Factor force or
3 Load (ft) (ft) (ft2) (ft3) (kip/ft3)
(ft) (kip/ft2) Area*thickness*density

Live 22.5 12.5 281.25 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 46.98

Dead 22.5 12.5 281.25 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 9.6076125
Slab 22.5 12.5 281.25 0.7916 222.657 0 0.15 1.2 40.07829375
Sub-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 1.2 0
beam
Girder 0 22.5 1.451 0 32.647 0 0.15 1.2 5.8765
Total 102.542

Thick- Pressure Pu(kip)=Area*Pressure

column Length Length Area Volume Density
ness Force Factor force or
4 Load (ft) (ft) (ft2) (ft3) (kip/ft3)
(ft) (kip/ft2) Area*thickness*density

Live 11.25 7.5 84.375 0 0 0.1044 0 1.6 14.094

Dead 11.25 7.5 84.375 0 0 0.028467 0 1.2 2.88228375
Slab 11.25 7.5 84.375 0.79167 66.797156 0 0.15 1.2 12.02348813
Sub-
0 11.25 1.18 0 13.275 0 0.15 1.2 2.3895
beam
Girder 0 7.5 1.451 0 10.882 0 0.15 1.2 1.9588
Total 30.100949

USER 86
 Appendix D (Foundation calculation)

Steel frame RC slab:

label x Y Q Total My Mx Ix Iy A q
kips [Link] [Link] ft^4 ft^4 ft2 kips/ft^2
1 -101.25 32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.14566
23 101.25 32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 29.99404
11 -101.25 -32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.67752
20 101.25 -32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.5259
29 -33.75 32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.09512
26 33.75 32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.04458
14 -33.75 -32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.62698
17 33.75 -32.5 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.57644
75 101.25 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.25997
7 -101.25 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.41159
325 -36 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.36273
337 36 0 399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.30883
399294.7 -33677.2 -37863.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 30.33578

soil total
q reac- column Avg modifi distri
avg b1 L tion load load ed avg F buted u u fc' d
kips/ kips/ft kips/f MN
ft^2 ft Ft kips kips kips 2 t kips MN /m2 m
30.0 6.2 3805 37771.3 3791 29.956 1.00 187.2 418 18.6
6985 5 202.5 7.16 1 4.23 92 3784 308 4.91 15 27.5 2.5

Pile Raft depth L( diameter area of pile elastic Elastic

foundation (m) m) pile(m) (m2) Q(kn) (Gpa) settlement
24349.
1 2.5 7.5 0.03 0.0007065 56 2E+11 0.00129243
24349.
2 2.5 7.5 0.04 0.001256 56 2E+11 0.00072699
24349.
3 2.5 7.5 0.05 0.0019625 56 2E+11 0.00046527
24349.
4 2.5 7.5 0.06 0.002826 56 2E+11 0.00032311

USER 87
 Steel frame CLT slab:

label x Y Q Total My Mx Ix Iy A q
kips [Link] [Link] in^4 in^4 ft2 kips/ft^2
1 -101.25 32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.24725
23 101.25 32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.09569
11 -101.25 -32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.41294
20 101.25 -32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.26138
29 -33.75 32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.19673
26 33.75 32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.14621
14 -33.75 -32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.36242
17 33.75 -32.5 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.3119
75 101.25 0 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.17854
7 -101.25 0 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.3301
325 -36 0 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.28126
337 36 0 319247.4 -33664.1 -11795.3 4627431 44978730 13162.5 24.22737

total column
q avg b1 L Soil- reaction load Avg- load modified avg
kips/ft^2 Ft ft kips kips kips kips/ft2
24.17147 6.25 202.5 30592.02 30665.17 30628.6 24.20037

F distrbuted u u fc' d
kips/ft kips MN MN/m2 m
0.998807 151.2523 3451.76 15.354 27.5 2

CLT pile Raft depth diameter area of pile elastic Elastic

foundation (m) L(m) pile(m) (m2) Q(kn) (Gpa) settlment
1 2 8 0.03 0.0007065 19300.83 2E+11 0.001092758
2 2 8 0.04 0.001256 19300.83 2E+11 0.000614676
3 2 8 0.05 0.0019625 19300.83 2E+11 0.000393393
4 2 8 0.06 0.002826 19300.83 2E+11 0.000273189

USER 88
 RC frame RC slab:

Label x y Q Total
kips
1 -101.25 32.5 475405.741
23 101.25 32.5 475406.741
11 -101.25 -32.5 475407.741
469 101.25 -32.5 475408.741
29 -33.75 32.5 475409.741
26 33.75 32.5 475410.741
14 -33.75 -32.5 475411.741
17 33.75 -32.5 475412.741
75 101.25 0 475413.741
7 -101.25 0 475414.741
325 -36 0 475415.741
337 36 0 475416.741

My Mx Ix Iy A q
[Link] [Link] in^4 in^4 ft2 kips/ft^2
-117789.2974 -150063.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 35.32939648
-117788.2974 -150062.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 34.79917923
-117787.2974 -150061.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 37.43742931
-117786.2974 -150060.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 36.90720702
-117785.2974 -150059.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 35.15295797
-117784.2974 -150058.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 34.97628022
-117783.2974 -150057.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 37.26093761
-117782.2974 -150056.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 37.08424882
-117781.2974 -150055.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 35.8536695
-117780.2974 -150054.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 36.38400969
-117779.2974 -150053.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 36.21322268
-117778.2974 -150052.9955 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 36.02476346

USER 89
 total
column Avg
q avg b1 L Soil- reaction load load
kips/ft^2 ft ft kips kips kips
35.06428786 6.25 202.5 44378.23932 75797.205 60087.72216

modified
avg F distrbuted u u fc' d
kips/ft2 kips/ft kips MN MN/m2 m
47.47671874 0.792743244 296.7294921 7191.0195 31.987 27.5 3

pile raft area of elastic

L Q diameter E
foundation depth pile settlement
1 3 7 49751.321 0.03 0.0007065 2E+11 0.00246468
2 3 7 49752.321 0.04 0.001256 2E+11 0.00138641
3 3 7 49753.321 0.05 0.0019625 2E+11 0.00088732
4 3 7 49754.321 0.06 0.002826 2E+11 0.000616207

USER 90
 RC frame CLT slab:

label x y Q Total My Mx Ix Iy A q
kips [Link] [Link] in^4 in^4 ft2 kips/ft^2
- - -
395433.434
1 101.25 32.5 117789.47 149941.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 29.25449072
- -
395434.434
23 101.25 32.5 117788.47 149940.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 28.7242727
- - -
395435.434
11 101.25 -32.5 117787.47 149939.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 31.36079822
- -
395436.434
469 101.25 -32.5 117786.47 149938.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 30.83057516
- -
395437.434
29 -33.75 32.5 117785.47 149937.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 29.07805195
- -
395438.434
26 33.75 32.5 117784.47 149936.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 28.90137394
- -
395439.434
14 -33.75 -32.5 117783.47 149935.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 31.18430626
- -
395440.434
17 33.75 -32.5 117782.47 149934.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 31.00761721
- -
395441.434
75 101.25 0 117781.47 149933.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 29.7779003
- - -
395442.434
7 101.25 0 117780.47 149932.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 30.30824127
- -
395443.434
325 -36 0 117779.47 149931.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 30.137454
- -
395444.434
337 36 0 117778.47 149930.167 4627431.25 44978730.47 13162.5 29.94899451

total column
q avg b1 L soil reaction load Avg load
kips/ft^2 Ft ft kips kips kips
28.98938171 6.25 202.5 36689.68622 62922.181 49805.93361

modified
avg F distrbuted u u fc' d
kips/ft2 kips/ft kips MN MN/m2 m
39.35283643 0.791548113 245.9552277 5935.4583 26.402 27.5 2.6

USER 91
 pile raft area of elastic
L Q diameter E
foundation depth pile settlement
1 2.6 7.4 41134.129 0.03 0.0007065 2E+11 0.002154229
2 2.6 7.4 41134.129 0.04 0.001256 2E+11 0.001211754
3 2.6 7.4 41134.129 0.05 0.0019625 2E+11 0.000775522
4 2.6 7.4 41134.129 0.06 0.002826 2E+11 0.000538557

USER 92
 Appendix E

Steel frame RC slab:

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir Inter-story drift

Ft in in in
Story60 597.6 0.482792 52.349636 1.090378
Story59 587.8 0.470112 51.259258 1.09058
Story58 578 0.462567 50.168678 1.090942
Story57 568.2 0.456611 49.077736 1.091444
Story56 558.4 0.44956 47.986292 1.092044
Story55 548.6 0.441924 46.894248 1.092693
Story54 538.8 0.433989 45.801555 1.093345
Story53 529 0.425765 44.70821 1.093881
Story52 519.2 0.417116 43.614329 1.094435
Story51 509.4 0.408292 42.519894 1.094868
Story50 499.6 0.399316 41.425026 1.095146
Story49 489.8 0.390137 40.32988 1.095223
Story48 480 0.380799 39.234657 1.095058
Story47 470.2 0.371333 38.139599 1.094607
Story46 460.4 0.361767 37.044992 1.093832
Story45 450.6 0.352115 35.95116 1.09269
Story44 440.8 0.342472 34.85847 1.091155
Story43 431 0.332822 33.767315 1.08909
Story42 421.2 0.323118 32.678225 1.086667
Story41 411.4 0.313426 31.591558 1.083727
Story40 401.6 0.303761 30.507831 1.080247
Story39 391.8 0.294061 29.427584 1.076188
Story38 382 0.284344 28.351396 1.07151
Story37 372.2 0.274617 27.279886 1.066178
Story36 362.4 0.264887 26.213708 1.060152
Story35 352.6 0.255157 25.153556 1.053396

USER 93
Story34 342.8 0.245462 24.10016 1.04588
Story33 333 0.235787 23.05428 1.037509
Story32 323.2 0.226178 22.016771 1.02836
Story31 313.4 0.216594 20.988411 1.018327
Story30 303.6 0.207076 19.970084 1.007379
Story29 293.8 0.197605 18.962705 0.99548
Story28 284 0.188199 17.967225 0.982589
Story27 274.2 0.178872 16.984636 0.968669
Story26 264.4 0.169636 16.015967 0.953678
Story25 254.6 0.160688 15.062289 0.937579
Story24 244.8 0.151598 14.12471 0.920348
Story23 235 0.143688 13.204362 0.901836
Story22 225.2 0.134417 12.302526 0.882216
Story21 215.4 0.126285 11.42031 0.861303
Story20 205.6 0.118026 10.559007 0.839078
Story19 195.8 0.109902 9.719929 0.81549
Story18 186 0.101903 8.904439 0.790496
Story17 176.2 0.094021 8.113943 0.764041
Story16 166.4 0.086251 7.349902 0.73608
Story15 156.6 0.078583 6.613822 0.706561
Story14 146.8 0.071007 5.907261 0.675433
Story13 137 0.063512 5.231828 0.642645
Story12 127.2 0.056091 4.589183 0.608146
Story11 117.4 0.048742 3.981037 0.571888
Story10 107.6 0.041593 3.409149 0.533818
Story9 97.8 0.036735 2.875331 0.493892
Story8 88 0.031804 2.381439 0.452065
Story7 78.2 0.027191 1.929374 0.408294
Story6 68.4 0.0252 1.52108 0.362544
Story5 58.6 0.023796 1.158536 0.314768

USER 94
 Steel frame CLT slab:

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir Inter-story drift

Ft in in in
Story60 597.6 0.551139 56.956087 1.197542
Story59 587.8 0.518124 55.758545 1.159912
Story58 578 0.507028 54.598633 1.175309
Story57 568.2 0.500972 53.423324 1.179014
Story56 558.4 0.494672 52.24431 1.181429
Story55 548.6 0.487455 51.062881 1.187545
Story54 538.8 0.479591 49.875336 1.199136
Story53 529 0.475569 48.6762 1.161068
Story52 519.2 0.462674 47.515132 1.163607
Story51 509.4 0.454283 46.351525 1.165923
Story50 499.6 0.445691 45.185602 1.168047
Story49 489.8 0.436916 44.017555 1.169881
Story48 480 0.427892 42.847674 1.171367
Story47 470.2 0.418623 41.676307 1.172449
Story46 460.4 0.409134 40.503858 1.173081
Story45 450.6 0.39949 39.330777 1.173182
Story44 440.8 0.389158 38.157595 1.17287
Story43 431 0.383324 36.984725 1.17146
Story42 421.2 0.369349 35.813265 1.170048
Story41 411.4 0.36 34.643217 1.167924
Story40 401.6 0.350197 33.475293 1.165191
Story39 391.8 0.340236 32.310102 1.161787
Story38 382 0.330144 31.148315 1.157673
Story37 372.2 0.31994 29.990642 1.152814
Story36 362.4 0.309647 28.837828 1.14718
Story35 352.6 0.299268 27.690648 1.140726
Story34 342.8 0.288637 26.549922 1.133489

USER 95
Story33 333 0.279832 25.416433 1.125165
Story32 323.2 0.267843 24.291268 1.116201
Story31 313.4 0.25767 23.175067 1.106269
Story30 303.6 0.24737 22.068798 1.095399
Story29 293.8 0.237025 20.973399 1.083544
Story28 284 0.226656 19.889855 1.070667
Story27 274.2 0.216271 18.819188 1.056729
Story26 264.4 0.20587 17.762459 1.041691
Story25 254.6 0.195421 16.720768 1.025501
Story24 244.8 0.184747 15.695267 1.008203
Story23 235 0.176608 14.687064 0.989374
Story22 225.2 0.164316 13.69769 0.969646
Story21 215.4 0.154389 12.728044 0.948527
Story20 205.6 0.144514 11.779517 0.926035
Story19 195.8 0.134646 10.853482 0.902094
Story18 186 0.124837 9.951388 0.876626
Story17 176.2 0.11512 9.074762 0.849548
Story16 166.4 0.105525 8.225214 0.820546
Story15 156.6 0.096079 7.404668 0.789186
Story14 146.8 0.086806 6.615482 0.756365
Story13 137 0.07773 5.859117 0.721735
Story12 127.2 0.068879 5.137382 0.684946
Story11 117.4 0.060277 4.452436 0.646105
Story10 107.6 0.051939 3.806331 0.604874
Story9 97.8 0.043863 3.201457 0.561238
Story8 88 0.036607 2.640219 0.514997
Story7 78.2 0.036095 2.125222 0.456256
Story6 68.4 0.035197 1.668966 0.414414
Story5 58.6 0.033841 1.254552 0.371226

USER 96
 RC frame RC slab:

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir Inter-story drift

Ft in in in
Story60 597.6 0.543306 51.804988 0.995342
Story59 587.8 0.532178 50.809646 0.995207
Story58 578 0.514212 49.814439 0.995919
Story57 568.2 0.499065 48.81852 0.997065
Story56 558.4 0.494962 47.821455 0.998683
Story55 548.6 0.489785 46.822772 1.000674
Story54 538.8 0.483684 45.822098 1.00316
Story53 529 0.476424 44.818938 1.00545
Story52 519.2 0.468868 43.813488 1.008419
Story51 509.4 0.460582 42.805069 1.011452
Story50 499.6 0.451723 41.793617 1.014564
Story49 489.8 0.442447 40.779053 1.017726
Story48 480 0.432851 39.761327 1.020843
Story47 470.2 0.423005 38.740484 1.023825
Story46 460.4 0.412973 37.716659 1.026673
Story45 450.6 0.402812 36.689986 1.029292
Story44 440.8 0.392545 35.660694 1.031763
Story43 431 0.382102 34.628931 1.033789
Story42 421.2 0.371799 33.595142 1.035595
Story41 411.4 0.36142 32.559547 1.036999
Story40 401.6 0.350952 31.522548 1.037938
Story39 391.8 0.340433 30.48461 1.038371
Story38 382 0.329889 29.446239 1.038251
Story37 372.2 0.319325 28.407988 1.037525
Story36 362.4 0.308745 27.370463 1.036147
Story35 352.6 0.298145 26.334316 1.034071
Story34 342.8 0.287525 25.300245 1.031244

USER 97
Story33 333 0.276954 24.269001 1.027545
Story32 323.2 0.266552 23.241456 1.023086
Story31 313.4 0.256077 22.21837 1.017725
Story30 303.6 0.24559 21.200645 1.011401
Story29 293.8 0.235156 20.189244 1.004067
Story28 284 0.224803 19.185177 0.995673
Story27 274.2 0.214539 18.189504 0.986167
Story26 264.4 0.204337 17.203337 0.97549
Story25 254.6 0.194135 16.227847 0.963578
Story24 244.8 0.184132 15.264269 0.950343
Story23 235 0.174982 14.313926 0.935761
Story22 225.2 0.166231 13.378165 0.920067
Story21 215.4 0.156564 12.458098 0.90284
Story20 205.6 0.14677 11.555258 0.884013
Story19 195.8 0.137111 10.671245 0.863536
Story18 186 0.12755 9.807709 0.841342
Story17 176.2 0.118042 8.966367 0.817353
Story16 166.4 0.108567 8.149014 0.791486
Story15 156.6 0.099602 7.357528 0.763656
Story14 146.8 0.090728 6.593872 0.733778
Story13 137 0.08189 5.860094 0.701767
Story12 127.2 0.07308 5.158327 0.667538
Story11 117.4 0.064293 4.490789 0.631007
Story10 107.6 0.055962 3.859782 0.59209
Story9 97.8 0.049358 3.267692 0.550708
Story8 88 0.04264 2.716984 0.506782
Story7 78.2 0.035895 2.210202 0.46024
Story6 68.4 0.029388 1.749962 0.411017
Story5 58.6 0.024779 1.338945 0.359046

USER 98
 RC frame CLT slab:

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir Inter-story drift

Ft in in in
Story60 597.6 0.648891 62.942813 1.277178
Story59 587.8 0.603103 61.665635 1.276911
Story58 578 0.592601 60.388724 1.277515
Story57 568.2 0.589717 59.111209 1.278247
Story56 558.4 0.58516 57.832962 1.27606
Story55 548.6 0.578173 56.556902 1.237977
Story54 538.8 0.570312 55.318925 1.259864
Story53 529 0.563955 54.059061 1.220121
Story52 519.2 0.553475 52.83894 1.231761
Story51 509.4 0.543899 51.607179 1.241681
Story50 499.6 0.534968 50.365498 1.231748
Story49 489.8 0.525732 49.13375 1.221697
Story48 480 0.515988 47.912053 1.227487
Story47 470.2 0.5058 46.684566 1.232854
Story46 460.4 0.495234 45.451712 1.237748
Story45 450.6 0.484386 44.213964 1.242126
Story44 440.8 0.473608 42.971838 1.245971
Story43 431 0.463132 41.725867 1.24885
Story42 421.2 0.451337 40.477017 1.25131
Story41 411.4 0.439645 39.225707 1.253083
Story40 401.6 0.428144 37.972624 1.254085
Story39 391.8 0.416558 36.718539 1.254272
Story38 382 0.404783 35.464267 1.253612
Story37 372.2 0.392819 34.210655 1.252068
Story36 362.4 0.3807 32.958587 1.249608
Story35 352.6 0.368507 31.708979 1.246196
Story34 342.8 0.356406 30.462783 1.241785

USER 99
Story33 333 0.344403 29.220998 1.236292
Story32 323.2 0.33184 27.984706 1.229965
Story31 313.4 0.319317 26.754741 1.222593
Story30 303.6 0.306907 25.532148 1.214107
Story29 293.8 0.294494 24.318041 1.204473
Story28 284 0.282031 23.113568 1.193657
Story27 274.2 0.269531 21.919911 1.181619
Story26 264.4 0.257052 20.738292 1.168295
Story25 254.6 0.24472 19.569997 1.153601
Story24 244.8 0.23271 18.416396 1.137514
Story23 235 0.220901 17.278882 1.11965
Story22 225.2 0.208449 16.159232 1.103138
Story21 215.4 0.196207 15.056094 1.083535
Story20 205.6 0.184174 13.972559 1.062178
Story19 195.8 0.172201 12.910381 1.039244
Story18 186 0.160245 11.871137 1.014375
Story17 176.2 0.148323 10.856762 0.987457
Story16 166.4 0.136462 9.869305 0.958354
Story15 156.6 0.124687 8.910951 0.926566
Story14 146.8 0.113012 7.984385 0.892488
Story13 137 0.101448 7.091897 0.854751
Story12 127.2 0.090008 6.237146 0.814976
Story11 117.4 0.078728 5.42217 0.772152
Story10 107.6 0.067704 4.650018 0.725758
Story9 97.8 0.057134 3.92426 0.676545
Story8 88 0.047364 3.247715 0.62428
Story7 78.2 0.041642 2.623435 0.568454
Story6 68.4 0.040807 2.054981 0.508109
Story5 58.6 0.039106 1.546872 0.442951

USER 100