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Maths

The document discusses various concepts related to vector spaces, including definitions, properties, and exercises to verify understanding. It covers topics such as subspaces, linear independence, bases, and dimensions, along with specific examples and problems for practice. The document emphasizes the algebraic nature of vector spaces and the importance of using geometric illustrations to motivate ideas.

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itz.me.aashi02
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49 views27 pages

Maths

The document discusses various concepts related to vector spaces, including definitions, properties, and exercises to verify understanding. It covers topics such as subspaces, linear independence, bases, and dimensions, along with specific examples and problems for practice. The document emphasizes the algebraic nature of vector spaces and the importance of using geometric illustrations to motivate ideas.

Uploaded by

itz.me.aashi02
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
where £ = \Ct1, C09, C23), and is yr mt with the alnao Sesnition given for Re ), and is therefore Consistent with the algebraic From time to time, the reader will if geometrically’ about vector spaces, that’ ere ee Sart benefit to illustrate and motivate some of the ideas. Indeed, oad te this. However, in forming such illustrations he must bear in mind thay, because we are dealing with vector Spaces as algebraic systems, all proofs we give will be of an algebraic nature. PAB) mits, Exercises 1. If F isa field, verify that F* (as defined in Exam Dear e e the field F. Jae : for all vectors an, a2, as, and ay in V. 3. If C is the field of complex numbers, tions of (1,0, —1), (0, 1, 1), and (1, 1, )? Cup actor Spee ; numbers, and let F be the fe, 4 Let V be the st ofall pair(s, y) of real fei, rumbers. Define ~ Gy) + aun) = tay +9) 5,9) = (2,9) Is V, with thew operations a vector apace over the field of real numbers? 5. On Rt, define two operations «@p~a-p Te peas on the gh ar the unalone. Which of the axon for & vy space ar ats by (B, @, =)? facta ne Mt al omples-valued functions fon the rel ine such ty (lor allt in'®) K-) =70. ‘The te denotes complex conjugation. Show that V, with the operations S40 = 10 + 09 (NO = 40 ene reunion. Give a caplet fncton ‘which is not real-valued, a a“ D+ GW) = e420) (2) = (cz, 0). Definition, Let V be eee ® vector space : Mr at ay HE ge te fed. 4 subspace of V CAME mln tC HE wit, pe enrace Shows that the subse! e+ Bis agais (a) is in Wy; for ig W is in W. isin } then « defini is that Bin W Ey @ sisting space « (b) howeve: © of the sy @) 4G =A, the spac ©. bers is Hi for each j Hermitian 9 MOLY JO 498 OY 94 TAL 97 “9 OBIOKH JO Peace “ayuaureyD mos Fay Yorys A 10} eoq v BuMIGNO AC . in ; cq worsUUD 4 youn @A0%d “ PIPG OMA 1040 soouayoul @ XG 18 Jo anwds 104008 077 94 A IT'D -quepuodapu Avan 078 wo9 JO 0%84 kaw my ons axe pow “yaopuedap Aeon are yor qi ut Set008 arm PULL *S stp pus ‘60 0 jo SOR oy stseq ¥ WHOS Veo a 1 -saxquioa awou 8 20204 sseq pap aut JP LOM ssoudeg 0 a @e-gae wena “Go o'd=% saojoan ony 2818 MOK °F sp aoraxgg yo eoyn04 ano} on a potent EP soredagns oxy 205 mq PUL "E bat uapuedaput A[90UT| @rta=? (OF @s- 1-7” ol soqgo ayy Jo of6F 0 sapien 9p wou 0 OH quopdap Aqsa aot szvenn O88 FE yep onord “TE sasqos9xq Ybas aU, OP “gquopu2P Ce wo} “2'8‘¥} Poe Bee, 24 Coordinates 48 (a Prove that Wand Ware aubypaces of ¥. 48) Find the dimensions of Wa, Wa, Wa} Wa, and Wa) Wa. fe Asi let Vbe the space of 2X 2 matrioo over #, Find abasin (iy A, Av, Aa) for Vouch that A} = Ay foreach j, (get V be # vector apace over & subfield F of the complex numbers, Suppose a,b, and 7 are linearly independent vectors in V. Prove that (a +8), (8 +7), tnd (7 +a) are linearly independent. 30, Let V be a vector space over the field F. Suppose there are a finite number ofivectors i, ..., ain V which span V. Prove that V is finiteimensional. V be the set of all 2X 2 matrices A with compler entries which antisty cover the field of real numbers, with the 1d multiplication of a matrix by a scalar. (0) Find a basis for this vector space. (@) Let W be the set of all matrices A in V such that An = —Au (the bar denotes complex conjugation). Prove that W is a subspace of V and find a basis for W. 12, Prove that the space of all m X m matrices over the field F has dimension mn, by exhibiting & basis for this space, 13, Discuss Exercise 9, when V is 8 vector space over the field with two elements described in Exercise 5, Section 1.1. 14, Let ¥ be the set of real numbers, Regard Vas a vector space over the field ‘of rational numbers, with the usual operations. Prove that this vector space is not finitedimensional 2.4, Coordinates One of the useful features of a basis ® in an n-dimensional space V is that it essentially enables one to introduce coordinates in V analogous to coordinates’ x, of a vector a = (zi, 2) in the space Fr es of a vector « in V relative to the basis @ ‘a as a linear combination of the D1 the natural coordinates rd basis for F>; ec. 24 Coordinates 48 (a) Prove that Wy and Ws re subypacen of ¥ () Find the dimensions of Ws, Ws, Wik Wy and Wa A) Wy {Again let ¥ bo the space of 2 X 2 matrices over F. Find a basis (As, Ay, Ay, Ad foe Voueh that A} = Ay foreach j 4 Lat V be 8 vector apace over a subfield F of the complex numbers, Suppose ‘arb, and 7 are linearly independent vectora in V. Prove that (a +B), (B+), thd (y+ are linearly independ 10, Let ¥ be # vector space over the field F, Suppose there are a fnite number fyectors i, ., a in V which span V. Prove that V is finite- Ow a+iva9t © (vs-i 6. (i) Show that one ofthe values of (1+ iy3)¥ + (1 - iys)t is YD. (ii) Show that the product of all the values of (1 eiysyt is 8. [cH 2008 7. Find the general values of the real angle @ which satisfies the equations: ar (i) (cos0-+‘sin6)(00830 + isin 38) --{(cos(an — 1)8 + ésin(2n - 1)9)} (i) (cond + isin 6)" = (cos Fisin”). ) (cos + sind)? = (cos + isin) 18 8. Expand the following in powers of cos and sin8. (i) cos 99, (i) sin 109, {up cosec sin wa: ‘i zi Lameeruddin rising yt | | eratannatet wh anaten aot (ai) ao tm to8+ 3" +008 = a Unt Por he en (DHE = 2 s, prove that is : creamer tee te nt certrg neta ting and Vins ane hter 8 tv accea=Z0+02)(1 quations -yo=? } cosec sin ee ee real += 24) 8009 ‘cinlo+ B29) in(a—B) = 4a ay tnctining Bele) ole 0) + ony aad tut? as Fosind = 2 an 4) 16, Solve (wy t-1=0 (iy) t+ 0-2= - (vi) af 22? eos + =O ai) = () ater ta-s following into sea! fa 1 — aa con8 +2 11, Factorise the 0. wa) 2 Pre OS: @aet (oo heen eet se folowing in povets (uy ante poe, WO. pate - 18, (a) Expend () cos" 26, 2 Pane I: CLASSICAL ALOuny () Prove that (cos o= Loree ee) ee 0 $ (SEs) 2 ote. prove that # is 1°58” nearly 19, wag Ptove that is 1°58 (i) ond = Fw tat 007 neatly. 1 20. If tan = =, find the approximate value of 8 21, Find the limiting values ofthe following when x 0 os w, Ee (8) jx(eosa — cos may nz ~ si tana) = to SSIS oy OEE ow (34) (fap okeehauy ie na ow 23. Show that the roots of 2? 2 =1= 0 are mpltiples of @ where @ = cos 2% BAF nd alto brow tat the roots of 2? +2 +2 = 0 are a+ 02 +08 a a +a! 24, Prove that tana + tan“!ay + Onto real factors, prove that. Veen 76g ©) cm cos Hoos say Gi) sin F sin 2 gin A © v2 (Hints, 28 2341 citi! = (Patchy Por the result (i ) (2-tiea8t 2) (y = ihe) # = i(2-1) and show that a reom iE 41). | i) put & : (Save he suation 2 Sagan craey Land ~1) at 28. 29, 30. I CT 28, 1 in the relation sin(u ~ 6 (1 tants ints, sin cos —cosw sla sin —conw-8 = sinecosa, or, 8 = tanu(t— cosa) = 2tanweis® F t\ a on anw (1—cosa- © #9) (cose east ost 2) 29, Ify = esis ands very smal prove tat 2 : Le os aay tesinys besingy a z and | 30, 1¢ztans = 09 baie ta? + show that on me Ga | [atints, zsinz = (on + as +000? ++) cm, Jaleo +airt e+ (a-§ oor eres quating the ooeficints of #7, he results obtaine] Answer (ats (ia) 1, 8. 1 @ 0 $768 @ 2.) eos(169 — 118) +fsin(264 = 10) (a) sD 5.) 1, 30219 7 re (i) cos} (2kr + 9) —4 ec in} (ke +3), + 10c088 sn ost sin 0 sin? =1, oof ising, cos M88 isin MHS, 242) k= ‘n= 1 when nis odd. 22m i008 i +a?) n= 2m +1; (OY TIRES (22 22 con Ht 4 be (Cosme 4 “F

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