Approaches, Methods,

and Techniques in
Teaching E.P.P.
Approaches, Methods, and Techniques

► The term "approach" refers to a set of assumptions that establish

beliefs and theories about the learner's nature and the learning
process.
► A method is a general term for a method of presenting a lesson in
a methodical manner using a specific approach (Brown, 1994). It's
referred to as design by certain authors.
► Techniques are the precise actions that take place in the
classroom that are in line with a technique and hence with an
approach (Brown, 1994). Technique is sometimes known as a task
or an activity.
Demonstration Method

Demonstration is a direct form of teaching.

It's known as the "show and tell" technique.
Demonstration Method

For an effective demonstration, the teacher

must emphasize and clarify the process's
dos and don'ts. It is critical that while a
teacher illustrates a technique, he or she
warns pupils about steps of a skill that are
frequently misunderstood or overlooked.
Two types of Demonstration Method

1. Demonstration of a Product
2. Demonstration of a Process
► It is expected that after the teacher demonstration
of a process, the students are given the opportunity
to demonstrate the process or the skill themselves.
However, students should not be expected to
demonstrate the process or the skill immediately on
their own after the teacher has shown it. This has to
be done gradually.
The Demonstration Step

► Teacher demonstrates. "Watch me and

listen to me".
► Student demonstrates with scaffolding
from teacher. "Let's do it together"
► When a student can do the process by
himself/herself, student demonstrates
the skill or process. "Do it as I watch".
The Demonstration Step

∙ Teacher gives more opportunity for practice

for skill mastery".
∙ Teacher assesses to determine skill
mastery by all students.
Why Should Teachers Use the
Demonstration Method?
Teachers should use the demonstration method
because:

► It develops an interest in the learners and fosters

active engagement.
► It helps in involving various senses to make learning
permanent.
► Any complex topic can be easily explained with this
method.
Why Should Teachers Use the
Demonstration Method?
Teachers should use the demonstration method
because:

► It also involves active participation from

students.
► These demonstration methods should often be
followed by a group discussion so students get a
chance to revise what they have learned during
the class.
Hands-on Learning
Hands-on Learning

► A type of education where kids

learn by doing.
► Opposed to simply listening to the
teacher or instructor discuss a
particular subject.
Benefits of Hands-on Learning

► It's More Fun and Engaging

► Students Retain More
► Improving Fine Motor Skills
► Allows Students to Be More
Creative
Cooperative Learning
Cooperative Learning

► It is an instructional strategy in
which small groups of students
work together on a common task.
► Cooperative learning changes
students' and teachers' roles in
classrooms.
Cooperative Learning

According to David Johnson and Roger Johnson

(1999), there are five basic elements that allow
successful small-group learning:
1. Positive Interdependence
2. Face-to-Face Interaction
3. Individual and Group Accountability
4. Group Behaviors
5. Group Processing
Cooperative Learning in Teaching EPP

∙ Jigsaw Technique - The students are divided into small groups,

and each group is assigned a specific topic related to EPP.
o Example Topic: Nutrition and Meal Planning (Home
Economics)
∙ Group Investigations - Students work in small groups to
investigate a specific aspect of EPP.
o Example Topic: An Ideal Entrepreneur (ICT and
Entrepreneurship)
Cooperative Learning in Teaching EPP

• Group Simulation - Students work together in

groups to engage in a simulated scenario or
situation designed to replicate real-life
experiences.
o Example Topic: Household Management
(Home Economics)
Project Method
Project Method

► This is a strategy where learners

acquire knowledge through
planning and execution of a
practical project.
Project Method Steps

Example: Sewing
1. Project Selection
2. Planning
3. Execution
4. Evaluation
Project Method

According to Kilpatrick & Kaun (2014), projects can be

classified into:
1. Constructive Project - Practical or physical tasks.
2. Aesthetic Project - Beautification of things and
appreciation.
3. Problematic Project - Develops the problem-solving
capacity of learners through their experiences.
4. Drill Project - Develops mastery of skills and
knowledge.
Instructional Modules
Instructional Modules

► Modular Teaching is one of the most

widespread and recognized
teaching-learning techniques.
► Instructional Module is a self-contained
and self-sufficient unit of instruction for
the learner to achieve a set of objectives.
Components of Modules

1. Title - The title of the module should be clear.

2. Introduction - Background introduction.
3. Overview - Introduces the learner to the theme
of the module, its purpose, organization, and
uses.
4. Instruction to the Use - Provides clear
instructions to the learner on how to proceed.
5. Pre-Test - Given at the beginning.
Components of Modules

6. Objectives - The instructional objectives should

be clearly stated.
7. Learning Activities - Enables learners to develop
behavior in a predetermined direction.
8. Formative Test - Given at the end of each
learning unit or learning activity.
9. Summative Evaluation - Done with the help of a
post-test.
Advantages

► Learning becomes more effective.

► It establishes a system of assessment
beyond just marks.
► Modules can be administered to a
single, small, or large group.
► More appropriate for mature students.
Disadvantages

► Modules are economical in their use.

► Appropriate only for mature students.
► Time-consuming.
► This method demands smart classroom
utilization.
Utilization of Resource Persons and
Community Materials
Resource Person

► A person with expertise in a certain area

who may be called upon as necessary to
perform a task or provide information.
► Experts who contribute information and
opinions to participants in a learning
situation.
Resource Person

► Examples of resource people:

civic leaders, government officers,
village elders, religious leaders,
war veterans, fellow teachers,
students, parents, craftsmen,
blacksmiths, etc.
How a Teacher Can Make Use of a
Resource Person

► Identify the resource person.

► Invite the resource person through the head
teacher.
► Inform the resource person about what you
intend to teach along with the level of the
learners.
How a Teacher Can Make Use of a
Resource Person

► Prepare the learners for the talk by

informing them of the topic.
► Inform other teachers in case the
discussion takes more time.
How a Teacher Can Make Use of a
Resource Person

► A teacher can use a resource

person if they are unsure about
teaching a certain topic.
► A resource person can even teach
during field trips.
Disadvantages of Using a Resource
Person

► If not guided, the person may

deviate from the topic.
► Inviting a resource person may
interfere with the school program.
► It is time-consuming.
Disadvantages of Using a Resource
Person

► Itis expensive.
► Failure of the resource person
to turn up may demotivate
students.
Disadvantages of Using a Resource
Person

► They may sometimes present a

gloomy picture of their profession
(e.g., doctors).
► They are not teachers, so they
may be unable to handle the class
well and deliver content
effectively.
Using Local Environmental Resources

► The local environment can support

your teaching.
► The local environment also provides
access to a range of natural resources.