9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

THE MOLE CONCEPT B. The relationship between Mole number and Mass

The mole number is a chemical unit. It provides us with many advantages. a) Atomic Weight and Molecular Weight
For example, we say the distance between two cities in km not in cm or mm. Also, we
can make transitions among volume, mass, and number of atoms or molecules by Each student must learn how to find atomic weights of elements from the
means of the mole number. periodic table.

A. The relationship between Mole number and Number of atoms or molecules O : 16 g/mol , C : 12 g/mol, S : 32 g/mol, Cl : 35.5 g/mol etc.

1 mole contains 6.021023 atoms for an element and 6.021023 molecules for a
1 mole = 6.021023 atoms of Oxygen weigh 16 g so
compound. 6.021023 is called Avogadro’s number and abbreviated by N A. If we
show this relationship by a formula, we get
1 mole = 6.021023 atoms of Chlorine weigh 35.5 g so
n : mole number ; N : number of atoms or molecules
n = N/NA
NA : Avogadro’s number In periodic table, atomic weights are not whole numbers. Why? (Isotope)

Ex: Find the mole number of

Ex: Let us calculate the molecular weights of some compounds.
a) 12.041024 Iron atoms b) 3.011022 Water molecules
20
c) 24.0810 Potassium atoms 1) Water: Mw(H2O) = 2.1 + 16 = 18 g/mol
2) Sodium hydroxide: Mw(NaOH) = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol
a) There are two ways to solve this problem.
Classwork ; students must find the molecular weights of some compounds.
1. way : If 1 mole contains 6.021023 atoms, 2. way : n = N/NA Carbon dioxide, Nitric acid, Sulfuric acid, Sodium chloride etc.
x mole contains 12.041024 atoms.
n=
12.041024/6.021023 b) Percentage Composition of a Compound
x = 12.041024/6.021023 = 20 moles
n = 20 moles The mass percentage of an element can be calculated by the following formula.
Ex: How many atoms are there in
Mass of X
a) 4 moles of Sodium W(%) of X =  100
b) 0.1 mole of Chlorine Mass of compound
c) 2 moles of Carbondioxide
Ex: What is the mass percentage of oxygen in Magnesium oxide?
c) n = N/NA  N = 26.021023 = 12.041023 molecules
Mw(MgO) = 24+16 = 40 g/mol W(%) of O = (16/40).100 = 40 %
1 molecule CO2 contains 3 atoms
Ex: Calculate the mass percentage of each element in
12.041023 molecules CO2 contain X atoms

X = 36.121023 atoms
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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
a) Aluminum sulfide b) Iron (III) oxide c) Ammonium nitrate d) Lithium
oxide a) 3 moles of Helium b) 0.2 moles of Sulfur dioxide
c) m m : mass (g) D. Particle number-Mass-Volume Calculations
n= Aw : atomic weight (g/mole)
Aw or Mw Mw : molecular weight (g/mole) Let’s explain these relationships with an analogy. Suppose that mole number
is Bishkek; mass is Karakol; volume is Osh; and the number of atoms or molecules is
Ex: Calculate the mole number of Istanbul.

a) 112 g of Iron b) 2.4 g of Carbon c) 16 g of Oxygen (N = the number of atoms or molecules)

d) 20 g of Sodium hydroxide e) 4.9 g of Sulfuric acid f) 12 g of Acetic acid Istanbul

a) n = m/Aw = 112/56 = 2 moles. n = N/NA

d) n = m/Mw ; Mw(NaOH) = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mole n = 20/40 = 0.5 mole

Bishkek (n = mole number)

Ex: What is the mass of n = V/22.4 n = m/Aw or Mw

a) 3 moles of Sulfur b) 0.5 mole of Phosphoric acid Osh Karakol

c) 0.1 mole of Zinc oxide d) 0.05 mole of Carbon dioxide (V = volume) (m = mass)

Ex: What is the mass of 8.96 L of Carbon dioxide gas at STP?

C. The relationship between Mole number and Volume of Gases
Ex: What is the volume of 3.2 g of Oxygen gas at STP?
1 mole gas occupies 22.4 L at STP. (not solid or liquid) What is STP?
It is standard temperature and pressure. Standard temperature is 0 0C, and Ex: How many atoms are there in 4 g of Calcium?
standard pressure is 1 atm. If temperature or pressure is not standard, 1 mole gas
will not occupy 22.4 L. Ex: What is the mass of 3.011023 molecules of Water?

Ex: There are 11.2 L of Oxygen gas at STP.

n = V/22.4 V : volume of gas (L) ; n : mole number
a) How many molecules are there?
b) How many atoms are there?
Ex: Fin the mole number of
Ex: What is the volume of 1.5051023 molecules of Carbon dioxide gas at STP?
a) 11.2 L of oxygen b) 44.8 L of nitrogen
c) 2.24 L of carbon dioxide d) 112 mL of hydrogen E. Determination of Unknown Element

a) n = 11.2/22.4 = 0.5 mole Ex: 0.01 mole of XCl2 weighs 1.11 g. Find X.

Ex: Calculate the volume of Ex: If 0.05 moles of X2O3 weigh 5.1 g, calculate the atomic weight of X.
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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
0.1 0.3 0.05
0.05 = 5.1/ Mw  Mw = 102  2.X + 3.16 = 102  X= 27 g/mol (Al) 2 6 1
EMPIRICAL FORMULA DETERMINATION STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

It is called also the simplest formula. By empirical formula, we can know only the aA + bB  cC
types of atoms and their ratios in a compound. a molecules b molecules c molecules

Molecular formula Empirical formula a mol of A react with b mol of B and produce c mol of C
C6H12O6 (glucose) CH2O
The reaction coefficients (a, b and c) refer to mole number not mass. When we
H2O H2O
the reaction coefficients are used for mole relationship in chemical calculations, it is
called stoichiometry.
Ex: 8.8 g of a Nitrogen oxide contains 3.2 g of Oxygen. Find its empirical formula.

mO = 3.2 g mN = 8.8  3.2 = 5.6 g 2Na + S  Na2S

N O 2 atoms 1 atom 1 molecule
m 5.6 3.2
n 5.6/14 3.2/16  N2O 10 atoms 5 atoms 5 molecules
n 0.4 0.2 500 atoms 250 atoms 250 molecules
2 1
2(6.021023) (6.021023) (6.021023)
Ex: An oxide of Sulfur contains 50 % by mass. Find its empirical formula. 2 moles 1 mole 1 mole
S O
m 50 50
n 50/32 50/16  SO2 N2 + 3H2  2NH3
n 1.56 3.12 1 molecule 3 molecules 2 molecules
1 2
10 molecules 30 molecules 20 molecules
Ex: When a 2.3 g compound containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen is burned 6.0210 23
3(6.0210 ) 23
2(6.021023)
4.4 g of Carbon dioxide and 2.7 g of Water produce. Find its formula.
1 mole 3 moles 2 moles
CxHyOz + O2  CO2 + H2O
Ex: How many moles of Oxygen are needed in order to react with 0.5 moles of
44 g CO2 12 g C 18 g H2O 2gH Hydrogen? And, how many moles of water will produce after the reaction?
4.4 g x 2.7 g x
mC =1.2 g mH = 0.3 g mO = 2.3  (1.2+0.3) = 0.8g 2 1 2
2H2 + O2  2H2O
C H O
1.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 ? = 0.25 ? = 0.5
1.2/12 0.3/1 0.8/16  C2H6O
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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

Ex: How many grams of Magnesium oxide will produce when 120 g of Magnesium
are burnt with Oxygen gas? 2 1 2
2Na + Cl2  2NaCl
2Mg + O2  2MgO ? = 0.2 moles ? = 0.1 moles 0.2 moles

Given; Asked;

Then, we should calculate the mole number of Mg so that we can calculate mole
number of MgO by stoichiometry.
If you pay attention, you see that the total mass of Na and Cl 2 is equal to the
mass of NaCl. It proves a law in Chemistry which is known as “Conservation of
Mass”. This law states that the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total
mass of the products. For the above reaction;
2 1 2
2Mg + O2  2MgO
5 moles ? = 5 moles
As you see in the previous example, we can also use mass relationship instead of
Now, let’s calculate the mass of MgO from the mole-mass formula. mole relationship in order to solve “Chemical calculations” problems. We only need
to know the atomic weights of the elements in the reaction equation.

Ex: Let’s solve the previous problem by using the mass relationship.

2Na + Cl2  2NaCl

Ex: Sodium chloride, NaCl, is a compound which is known as table salt. How many Given; Asked;
grams of Sodium and Chlorine gas are required in order to produce 11.7 g of
Sodium chloride?
Let’s find the atomic weights from the Periodic Table.
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Given; Asked;
(223) (235.5) (258.5) As you see, total mass is conserved during
Then, we should calculate the mole number of NaCl so that we can calculate 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl the reaction. In other words, the total mass
mole numbers of Na and Cl2 by stoichiometry. of the reactants is equal to the total mass of
46 g + 71 g = 117 g
the products.

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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
If the mass of the one of the substances is increased or decreased by a factor,
then the mass of the others must be also increased or decreased by the same factor. CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ↑
So, we can solve the question by using the mass proportion as follows. Given; Asked;
46 71 117
2Na + Cl2  2NaCl Firstly, let’s find the mole number of Calcium carbonate.

? ? 11.7 g

If 46 g Na 117 g NaCl If 71 g Cl2 117 g NaCl


x g Na 11.7 g NaCl x g Сl2 11.7 g NaCl
------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
x = 4.6 g Na x = 7.1 g Cl2 1 mol t 1 mol 1 mol
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g) ↑
We can also calculate the mass of Cl2 by the law of Conservation of mass. 0.5 moles ? = 0.5 moles
11.7 – 4.6 = 7.1 g Now, we can calculate the volume of Carbon dioxide.
Ex: How many grams of Oxygen gas are required in order to burn 48 g of Carbon?
And, how many grams of Carbon monoxide (CO) will produce?

2C + O2  2CO
Ex: Sodium carbonate is known as “Washing soda” and is used in the production of
detergents. How many liters of Carbon dioxide gas at STP will produce by the
Given; Asked; reaction of 37.1 g of Sodium carbonate with Hydrochloric acid?

Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO2 ↑ + H2O

24 32 56 Given; Asked;
2C + O2  2CO
48 g ? = 64 g ? = 112 g

In stoichiometric calculations, we can also determine the volume of a gaseous

substance at STP. As you remember, the volume of 1 mol of any gas is 22.4 L at STP.

Ex: Calcium carbonate is known as limestone and used in the construction industry. 106 g 22.4 L
It is found in Chalk, Marble and Cement. Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO2 ↑ + H2O
Calcium carbonate decomposes to Calcium oxide and Carbon dioxide by
heating. How many liters of Carbon dioxide gas can be obtained from the 37.1 g ? = 7.84 L
decomposition of 50 g Calcium carbonate at STP?
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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
Ex: Mercury (II) oxide, which is a yellow colored solid, decomposes to liquid 46 g 67.2 L
Mercury and Oxygen gas when heated. Suppose 43.3 g of Mercury (II) oxide
C2H6O + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
decomposes by heating.
23 g ?
a) How many grams of Mercury will form?
b) How many liters of Oxygen gas will release at STP? 46 g C2H6O 67.2 L O2
23 g C2H6O X L O2
2HgO  2Hg + O2↑
--------------------------------------
X = 33.6 L

Given; Asked; , Note: We can use volume coefficient relationship if substances are all gases.

1 3 2
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)
1L 3L 2L
5L 15 L 10 L
433 g t 401 g 32 g (1mol = 22.4 L)
Ex: Calculate the volume of Hydrogen and Nitrogen to produce 60 L of Ammonia.
2HgO  2Hg + O2↑
1 3 2
43.3 g ? g ? L at STP
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
? ? 60 L
a) 433 g HgO 401 g Hg b) 433 g HgO 22.4 L O2
43.3 g HgO X g Hg 43.3 g HgO X
1 L N2 2L NH3 3 L H2 2L NH3
--------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
X = 40.1 g X = 2.24 L x L N2 60 L NH3 x L H2 60 L NH3
---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
x = 30 L x = 90 L
Ex: Ethanol, C2H6O, is one the most important organic compounds. It is used as a
solvent for paints and as fuel in cars. Calculate the volume of air at STP needed PURITY PROBLEMS
for the combustion of 23 g ethanol. (Air contains nearly 20 % oxygen by volume)
90 % pure Calcium sample means that it contains 10 % impure substances (impurity).
C2H6O + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
Ex: An 8 g sample of Calcium that is 90 % pure.
Given; Asked;
pure calcium, 8 - 7.2 = 0.8 g impurity

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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
Ex: Potassium chlorate, KClO3, is used as an explosive in gunpowder and fireworks. Given; Asked;
It decomposes to Potassium Chloride and Oxygen gas when heated.
How many liters of Oxygen gas at STP will release when a 27.23 g sample of
Potassium chlorate that is 90 % pure decomposes by heating?
Firstly, let’s find pure amount of H2O2 in the sample from the reaction equation.
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 

Given; (90 % KClO3) Asked;

34 g t 11.2 L
Firstly, let’s find the mass of pure KClO3 in the sample. H2O2  H2O + ½ O2  If 51 g 100 %
? = 2.04 g 0.672 L 2.04 g X
----------------------------
X = 4 % pure H2O2

245 g 67.2 L
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2  EFFICIENCY (PERCENT YIELD) PROBLEMS
24.5 g ? = 6.72 L
In chemistry, there are two types of yield: Theoretical and practical
Ex: A sample of Calcium carbonate contains 20 % impurities. It is decomposed by (experimental). Theoretical yield can be determined by stoichiometric calculations
heating and the volume of Carbon dioxide is found to be 6.72 L. Determine the according to the reaction equation. Practical yield can only be obtained by
initial mass of the sample. experiments.
In general, we may make several mistakes when we perform experiments.
Therefore, the practical yield obtained by an experiment is always smaller than the
Given; Asked; (20 % impurity) theoretical yield calculated. Efficiency is a mass or volume percentage that shows
how perfect (correctly) we performed an experiment and it is calculated by the
Firstly, let’s find pure amount of CaCO3 in the sample from the reaction equation. following formula.

100 g t 22.4 L Practical yield

CaCO3  CaO + CO2  If 80 % 30 g Efficiency =   100
Theoretical yield
? = 30 g 6.72 L 100 % X
(80 % pure amount) ----------------------------
Ex: How liters of Oxygen gas at STP can be obtained from the decomposition of
X = 37.5 g sample
129.9 g of Mercury (II) oxide if the efficiency of the reaction is 75 %?
Ex: Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a colorless liquid and its aqueous solution is used in
2HgO  2Hg + O2 ↑
medicine as antiseptic. It decomposes to Water and Oxygen gas when heated.
A-51 g aqueous solution of Hydrogen peroxide is heated and 0.672 L of Oxygen
gas at STP produce. What is the percentage purity of Hydrogen peroxide in the Given; , W = 75 % Asked;
initial aqueous solution?
H2O2  H2O + ½ O2
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9-PLAN-1 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
As you know, we can calculate the theoretical yield from the reaction equation.
Studies show that;
433 g t 22.4 L
P (pressure) ≈ n Pressure units: 1 atm=76cmHg
2HgO  2Hg + O2 ↑
P ≈ T 1 atm = 760mmHg
129.9 g ? = 6.72 L at STP P ≈ 1/V 1 atm=760 torr
(theoretical) 1 torr=1mmHg
1 kPa=1000 pascal
1 Pa=101325 atm=105 atm
P.V=n.R.T
P = pressure (atm)
V = volume (L)
Ex: In an experiment, 123 g of Magnesium sulfate hepta hydrate are heated and the
n = mole
mass of the salt decreases to 66.3 g. Determine the efficiency of the reaction.
T = temperature (K)
R = Ideal gas constant (0.082 atm.L/mol.K or 8.314 kPa.L/mol.K)
MgSO4.7H2O  MgSO4 + 7H2O 
R = 22.4/273 atm.L/mol.K

Given; , Asked; Efficiency = ? Ex: What is the volume of 16 g of Helium at 0 0C and 2 atm?

246 g 120 g 126 g (718) PV = nRT n = 16/4 = 4 T = 273 K

MgSO4.7H2O  MgSO4 + 7H2O  2.V = 4.22.4/273.273 → V = 44.8 L
123 g x g (loss)
Ex: A 10 g sample of Calcium is put into Hydrochloric solution. What is the volume
of gas that can form at 0 oC and 3 atm?
246 g 126 g
123 g Xg Ca + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2 ↑ nCa= 10/40=0.25 mol
----------------------- 0.25mol 0.25mol
x = 63 g should evaporate (theoretical yield)
3. V=0.25 . 22.4/273 . 273
V= 1.86 L
m water = 123 – 66.3 = 56.7 g evaporated in the experiment (practical yield)
Ex: How many grams of Potassium chlorate are needed to produce 8.2 L of Oxygen
gas at 227 0C and 1140 mmHg?

t
KClO3  KCl + 3/2 O2 P. V =n.R. T
0.2 mol 0.3 1140/760.8,2=n.0,082.500
m= 0,2.122,5=24,5g n=0.3 mol
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
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