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Formula Book Algebra

The document covers key concepts related to polynomials, including their definitions, properties, and relationships between roots and coefficients for quadratic and cubic polynomials. It also discusses linear equations in two variables, conditions for solvability, and methods for solving them, including the cross multiplication method. Additionally, it explains quadratic equations, their standard form, discriminants, and the formation of quadratic equations from given roots, as well as arithmetic progressions and their properties.

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theamanprasad
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51 views7 pages

Formula Book Algebra

The document covers key concepts related to polynomials, including their definitions, properties, and relationships between roots and coefficients for quadratic and cubic polynomials. It also discusses linear equations in two variables, conditions for solvability, and methods for solving them, including the cross multiplication method. Additionally, it explains quadratic equations, their standard form, discriminants, and the formation of quadratic equations from given roots, as well as arithmetic progressions and their properties.

Uploaded by

theamanprasad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Polynomials

❖ Any expression in the form


a0+a1x1+a2x2……..anxn is polynomial where n
should be a non-negative integer.
❖ Any constant is polynomial of degree zero.
❖ Maximum number of possible roots or zeros
of a polynomial is its highest degree.
Relations between roots and
coefficients of :
1.Quadratic Polynomial
I. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are two roots of 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 then,
𝑏 𝑐
(i) 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 𝑎 (ii) 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎
II. A quadratic polynomial whose zeros are 𝛼 and 𝛽,
then the polynomial is
𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽
2.Cubic Polynomial
I. If 𝛼,𝛽 and 𝛾are three roots of 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 +
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 then,
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
(i) 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − 𝑎 (ii) 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 𝑎 (iii) 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 𝑎
II.A quadratic polynomial whose zeros are 𝛼 and 𝛽,
then the polynomial is
𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 )𝑥 2 + ( 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼)x - 𝛼𝛽𝛾
Linear Equations in Two Variables
Conditions For Solvability and Graph
Appearance
The system of a pair of linear equations
a1x+b1y+c1 = 0
a2x+b2y+c2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1
(i) has a unique solution; (consistent) if and only if ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2
▪ The lines on graph of these type equations meet at
only one single point.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(ii) has infinite non-zero solution if and only if = ==
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
▪ The lines on graph coincide with one another thus,
intersect at infinite points on the graph.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(iii) Has no solution; (inconsistent) if and only if = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
▪ The lines of the equations appear parallel to one
another on graph.
Solution of a system of equations by cross
multiplication method
The system of a pair of linear equations
a1x+b1y+c1 = 0
a2x+b2y+c2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1
where ≠ , has a unique solution, given by
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥 𝑦 1
= =
𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
From this ratio,
𝑏1 𝑐2 −𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑐1 𝑎2 −𝑐2 𝑎1
x= and y = 𝑎1𝑏2 −𝑎2𝑏1
𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1
Quadratic Equations
Standard Form
ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0
Quadratic Formula (Roots of the
Equation)
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
x1,2= 2𝑎
Discriminant (D)
D = b² - 4ac
Value of D Nature of Roots Roots
D>0 & D is a Real, unequal & −𝑏 ± √D
perfect Square rational 2𝑎
D>0 & D is not a Real, unequal & −𝑏 ± √D
Perfect Square irrational 2𝑎
D=0 Real & equal −𝑏
Each
2𝑎
D<0 Imaginary No real roots

Sum and Product of Roots


Let α and β be the roots of ax² + bx + c = 0
𝑏 𝑐
α + β = -𝑎 αβ = 𝑎
Formation of Quadratic Equation (Given
Roots)
If roots are α and β:
Equation: x² - (α + β)x + αβ = 0
Arithmetic Progression
General Term
an= a+(n-1)d
General Term from end
tn= l-(n-1)d
Difference Between Two Terms
nth term - mth term = (n-m)d
Middle Term(s)
If AP consists of n terms, then
𝑛+1
(i) it has one middle term if n is odd and it is th term.
2
𝑛
(ii) it has two middle terms if n is even and these are th term and
2
+ 1th term
𝑛
2

Numbers in A.P
Three numbers a,b and c are in A.P only if 2b= a+c
If sum of numbers in an A.P is given, then
(i)three numbers are taken as a-d,a,a-d
(ii)four numbers are taken as a-3d,a-d,a+d,+3d
(iii)five numbers are taken as a-2d,a-d,a,a+d,a+2d
Sum of first n terms
𝑛
• if last term is given then Sn= (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑛
• if last term is not given then Sn= [2𝑎 +
2
(𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
• General Term, an = Sn- Sn-1

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