CHEM 101 | Lecture Notes
Name: Table 2.1: Comparison of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
According to its Properties
CHAPTER 1
Program and Section:
PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS
Class Schedule:
Not widely
Particle Packed close Widely
separated
arrangement together separated
(touch)
Freely, but Very freely
MATTER – ITS PROPERTIES Movement Very little
slower
than
(increases
with
Learning Outcomes: gases temperature)
Slower
At the end of the discussion 80% of the students are Diffusion Very slowly than Easily
expected to: gases
Fits
1. Distinguish the properties and changes of matter Shape Fixed Fits container
container
2. Distinguish between intensive and extensive
properties No volume of
its own; equal
3. Differentiate the kinds of matter to the volume
4. Explain the different states of matter Volume Fixed Fixed
of the
container
Topic outline: Difficult
(only
I. Matter under
1. Definition and state of matter Extremely
Compressibility extremely Easily
difficult
2. Properties of matter high
3. Changes of matter pressure)
Density High High Low
4. Intensive and extensive properties
5. State of Matter Mixability Extremely Slower Readily
6. Classification of matter
I. MATTER • Plasma
Ø The fourth state of matter.
• It is defined as anything that occupies space Ø It is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient
and has mass. energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or
• Made up of very tiny particles called atoms. molecules and to allow species, ions and
electrons, to coexist.
(http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/states_of_matter
Difference between Weight and Mass: .htm)
Ø Plasmas are the most common state of matter in
• Mass – it is the quantity of matter in a the universe comprising more than 99% of our
particular sample. visible universe and most of that not visible.
• Weight – it is gravitational force of attraction Plasma occurs naturally and makes up the stuff of
between the body’s mass and the our sun, the core of stars.
(http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/states_of_matter.htm)
mass of the planet on which it is Ø Plasma does not have definite shape or volume.
weighed. It has a very low density.
State of Matter • Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
Ø The fifth state of matter.
Ø It is a gaseous superfluid phase formed by atoms
• Matter exist in five states, it can be solid,
cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero.
liquid, gas, plasma or Bose-Einstein (http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/states_of_matter
condensate (BEC) .htm)
• Many substances may exist in all three states
at different temperature.
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CHEM 101 | Lecture Notes
Phase Transitions:
Classification of Matter
Properties of Matter
The following are the characteristics that attribute a
particular substance.
a) Physical Properties
• These are characteristics of a substance which can be
observed without action and are readily perceptible by
our senses.
Example: physical properties of table sugar.
b) Chemical Properties
• These are characteristics of a substance which Ø Matter is classified as pure substance and mixture.
can be determined by observing its action or lack
of action when in contact with chemical agents.
Examples: sugar burns; acids neutralizes bases; A. PURE SUBSTANCE
• Can be an element or compound
Properties can also be classified • Cannot be separated by any physical means.
according to whether they depend on
the size of the sample: a) Elements
• It is a pure substance made up of only a single
type of atom, that cannot be changed into a
a) Intensive properties simpler form of matter by any chemical reaction
Ø It is a property of matter that is independent of the • The 118 different types of atoms are the basis of
quantity of the substance. 118 elements. These elements are placed in a
Examples: density, specific gravity, temperature table called the periodic table.
• The known elements range from common
b) Extensive properties substances, such as carbon, iron and silver to
• It is a property of matter that depends on the uncommon ones such as lutetium and thulium.
quantity of a substance. • About 90 of the elements are obtained from
Examples: mass and volume natural resources, the remainder does not occur
naturally, they have been created only in
laboratories.
Changes of Matter • Elements are classified as metals, non -metals,
and metalloids.
a). Physical change • Elements are represented by symbols. Usually the
Ø It refers to any action which does not alter the symbol consists of the first letter of the name which
chemical composition of a substance. It does not is capitalized and in some cases one other letter
produce new substance. which is not capitalized. Other symbol of elements
Examples: is taken from its Latin name (ex. Gold: Au from
breaking of glass (change of shape/size aurum).
reduction) melting of ice (change of state)
I. Metals
b). Chemical change
Ø It refers to any action which alters the composition v These are elements whose atoms have small
of a substance and results in the formation of one numbers of electrons in the outermost electron
or more new substance. shell.
Examples: v Physical Properties: lustrous appearance,
souring of milk (fermentation) malleable and ductile, good conductors’ heat and
rusting of iron (oxidation) electricity, generally with high density, solid at
room temperature (except mercury).
v Chemical Properties: combine with non-metals;
form bases; form positive ions; replace hydrogen
of acid; lend electrons.
v Examples: sodium, magnesium, iron, gold, silver,
etc.
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CHEM 101 | Lecture Notes
II. Non-metals
Examples:
v These are elements whose atoms tend to gain
Hydrochloric acid – HCl Hydrobromic acid – HBr
small numbers of electrons to form negative ions
(anions) with the electron configuration of a noble • Can be a ternary acid (consist of hydrogen, a
gas. nonmetal element and oxygen or consist of
v They are mostly gases, liquid (bromine), or low hydrogen and a nonmetallic radical).
melting point solids
v Physical Properties: non lustrous; poor conductor Examples: Carbonic acid – H2CO3
of heat and electricity; not malleable or ductile; Sulfuric acid – H2SO4 Nitric acid – HNO3
generally low density; solid and gases at room
temperature except bromine (liquid). 3. Bases
v Chemical Properties: combine with metals; form
acids; form negative ions; do not replace hydrogen • These are compounds of a metallic element or
of acids; borrow electrons. radical with one or more hydroxyl (OH -) groups.
• Basic solution changes the color of litmus paper
III. Metalloids from red to blue.
• It has a bitter taste and slippery when touch.
v These are elements that may display both metallic • The name consists of the name of the element or
and nonmetallic properties under the appropriate radical followed by the word hydroxide
conditions. Examples Sodium hydroxide – NaOH
v These are: B; Si; Ge; As; Sb; Te; Po Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
b) Compounds 4. Salts
• It is a pure substance composed of two or more • These are compounds consisting of a metal or a
elements chemically combined in a definite and metallic radical combined with a nonmetal or an
constant proportion. Elements that are chemically acid radical.
combined losses its identity. Examples: Magnesium nitrate– Mg(NO3)2
• Has its own property by which it may distinguish
from other compounds. Zinc bromide – ZnBr2 Sodium chloride– NaCl
• Compounds are represented by a formula. Calcium sulfate – CaSO4
Examples: NOTE: Naming or nomenclature of inorganic
compounds will be discussed in chapter 6.
water – H2O sodium chloride – NaCl
ferric sulfate – Fe2(SO4)3
B. MIXTURE
Classification of Compounds: • It is a combination of two or more pure (or not
pure) substances in a variable proportion, in
1. Oxide
which each substance retains its own identity.
• Oxides are binary compounds, that is, it
• Can be classified as homogeneous or
composed only two elements: oxygen and
heterogeneous mixture.
another element.
• The name of an oxide consists of the element with a) Heterogeneous mixture
which oxygen is united, followed by the word
• It is a mixture of two or more substances that has
oxide.
two or more phases.
Examples: Sodium oxide – Na2O • It has a non-uniform composition.
Magnesium oxide – MgO Sulfur dioxide – SO2 • One substance can be determined from the other.
2. Acids Examples: sand and gravel, salt and pepper, halo-halo
• These are compounds consisting of hydrogen and b) Homogeneous mixture
another element (nonmetal) or a nonmetal radical • It is a mixture of two or more substances which is
such as Cl, Br, S, NO3, and SO4, whose hydrogen uniform throughout; one phase
can be replaced by a metal to form a salt. • Its particles are well mixed, or thoroughly
• Acidic solution changes the color of litmus paper intermingled.
from blue to red. Examples: solutions: alcohol and water
• It has a sour taste. salt solution
air (is a mixture of gases; it is a gaseous solution)
• Can be a binary acid (consist of hydrogen and a
nonmetal element)
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CHEM 101 | Lecture Notes
c) Solution – is a homogeneous mixture composed
of a solute and a solvent.
4.
Ø For solid-liquid solution:
o The solid is always the solute; substance to be
dissolved. The solvent is the dissolving medium.
Example: sodium chloride solution
(sodium chloride is the solute and water is the solvent)
Ø For liquid-liquid solution or gas-gas solution:
Evaporation - is the process by which molecules in a
o Solvent – bigger amount
liquid state (e.g. water) spontaneously become gaseous
o Solute – smaller amount
(e.g. water vapor). It is the opposite of condensation.
Examples: Generally, evaporation can be seen by the gradual
a). 95% isopropyl alcohol (liquid-liquid solution disappearance of a liquid, when exposed to a significant
Solute – water Solvent – isopropyl alcohol volume of gas.
b). air – 21% oxygen gas and 79% nitrogen
gas(gas-gas solution)
Solute – oxygen gas Solvent – nitrogen gas
Table 2.1: Difference between Compound and
Mixture
COMPOUND MIXTURE
It is a pure substance It is an impure substance 5. Filtration - is the process of separating solid from liquid
Substances are combined Substances are not chemically
through a filter medium (filter paper; sand; etc.) retaining
chemically combine the precipitate. The substance that passes through the
Its composition is fixed It has no fixed composition; it filter medium is called the filtrate.
throughout its mass has variable composition
It cannot be separated by It can be separated by physical
physical means means
Element lose their properties in a Substances forming mixture
compound retain their properties
It has fixed melting point It has no sharp melting point
v Some Physical Processes of 6. Precipitation - is the formation of a solid in a solution
Separating Substances: during a chemical reaction. When the reaction occurs, the
solid formed is called the precipitate, and the liquid
remaining above the solid is called the supernatant.
1. Adsorption - is a process that occurs when a gas or
liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a
liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the
adsorbate). It is different from absorption, in which a
substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.
2. Decantation - is a process for the separation of
mixtures, carefully pouring a solution (supernatant liquid)
from a container, leaving the precipitate (sediments) in the 7. Sublimation - of an element or compound is a
bottom of the container. transition from the solid to gas phase with no intermediate
liquid stage. Sublimation is a phase transition that occurs
at temperatures and pressures below the triple point.
3. Distillation - is a method of separating chemical
substances based on differences in their volatilities in a
boiling liquid mixture.
