Chapter 4 (Sadiku) Circuit Theorems

Chapter 5 (Hayt) Handy Circuit Analysis Techniques

Prof. Mamoun F. Al-Mistarihi

Prof. Mahmoud A. Khodeir
mistarihi@[Link]
makhodeir@[Link]

Jordan University of Science and Technology

1/55
Introduction

The techniques of nodal and mesh analysis described in Chap. 4 are

reliable and extremely powerful methods. However, both require that
we develop a complete set of equations to describe a particular circuit
as a general rule, even if only one current, voltage, or power quantity is
of interest.

In this chapter, we investigate several different techniques for isolating

specific parts of a circuit in order to simplify the analysis. After
examining each of these techniques, we focus on how one might go
about selecting one method over another..

2/55
Linearity and Superposition
Linear Elements and Linear Circuits
We define a linear element as a passive element that has a linear
voltage-current relationship. By a “linear voltage-current relationship’’
we mean:
• if i(t) produces v(t), then Ki(t) produces Kv(t)
• if i1(t) produces v1(t) and i2(t) produces v2(t), then i1(t) + i2(t)
produces v1(t) + v2(t),
Resistors, independent sources and batteries are linear elements.
Dependent sources are linear dependent current or voltage sources if
their output current or voltage is proportional only to the first power of
a specified current or voltage variable in the circuit (or to the sum of
such quantities).
A linear circuit is a circuit composed entirely of independent sources,
linear dependent sources, and linear elements.
3/55
Linearity and Superposition

4/55
Linearity and Superposition
Linear Elements and Linear Circuits

• We say that a resistor is a linear

element because the voltage-
current relationship satisfies
both the homogeneity and the
additivity properties.

• In general, a circuit is linear if

it is both additive and
homogeneous.

• A linear circuit consists of only

linear elements, linear
dependent sources, and
independent sources.

5/55
Linearity and Superposition

Superposition

So,

6/55
Linearity and Superposition

Voltage Sources: set 𝑣 = 0

Short Circuits

Current Sources: set 𝑖 = 0

Open Circuits

7/55
Linearity and Superposition

8/55
 Linearity and Superposition
For the circuit shown, the solution can be expressed as:

 0.7 −0.2 v1  ia 

   =  
−0.2 1.2 v 2  ib 

Question: How much of v1 is due to source A, and how much is because

of source B? We use the superposition principle to answer
If we define A as  0.7 −0.2
A= 
−0.2 1.2 
v1  i 
−1 a −1
 0  −1 ia  Superposition:
  = A   = A  + A   the response is the sum of
v 2  ib  ib  0  experiments A and B.

Experiment B Experiment A 9/55
Linearity and Superposition
Use superposition to solve for the current ix

First, turn the current source off:

3
ix = = 0.2
6+9


Then, turn the voltage source off:
 6
ix = (2) = 0.8
6+9
Finally, combine the results:

ix = ix + ix = 0.2 + 0.8 =1.0

 10/55
Linearity and Superposition
Example
For the given circuit, determine the maximum positive source current Ix
to be set before any resistor exceeds its power rating and overheats.

11/55
Linearity and Superposition
Maximum current magnitude in 100 resistor is 0.25 /100 = 50mA
Maximum current magnitude in 64 resistor is 0.25 / 64 = 62.5mA
Current from voltage source alone is 6/164 = 36.6mA flowing clockwise
64
Current in 100 from I x alone is I x flowing to the left.
164
64 64
Therefore 0.0366 − I x  0.05 or − 0.05  0.0366 − I x  0.05
164 164
221.9mA  I x  −34.33mA
100
Current in 64 from I x is I x flowing downward.
164
100 100
Therefore 0.0366 + I x  0.0625 or − 0.0625  0.0366 + I x  0.0625
164 164
−0.1625  I x  0.04247

Answer: Ix<42.49 mA
12/55
Linearity and Superposition

13/55
Linearity and Superposition

14/55
 Linearity and Superposition

For the
circuit shown
use
superposition
theorem to
find v

15/55
Linearity and Superposition

16/55
Linearity and Superposition

17/55
 Linearity and Superposition
Use the superposition theorem to find i in the circuit

18/55
Linearity and Superposition

19/55
Source Transformations
Practical Voltage Sources
A general practical voltage source, as shown in the figure is defined as an ideal
voltage source vs in series with a resistance Rs called internal resistance or
output resistance.

We must note that

the resistor is not
really present as a
separate component
but merely serves to
account for a
terminal voltage that
decreases as the load
current increases.

20/55
Source Transformations
Practical Voltage Sources

21/55
Source Transformations
Practical Current Sources
A general practical current source, as shown in the figure is defined as an
ideal current source Is in parallel with a resistance Rp called internal resistance
or output resistance.

22/55
Source Transformations
Practical Current Sources

23/55
Source Transformations
Equivalent Practical Sources

24/55
 25/55
Source Transformations
Equivalent Practical Sources
Source Transformations

26/55
Source Transformations

27/55
Source Transformations
Example

Calculate the current

through the 2 resistor
in by making use of
source transformations
to first simplify the
circuit.

28/55
Source Transformations

29/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Thévenin’s theorem tells us that it is possible to replace everything
except the load resistor with an independent voltage source in series with
a resistor; the response measured at the load resistor will be un-changed.
Using Norton’s theorem, we obtain an equivalent composed of an
independent current source in parallel with a resistor.

30/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

• Thus, one of the main uses of Thévenin’s and Norton’s theorems is

the replacement of a large part of a circuit, often a complicated and
uninteresting part, with a very simple equivalent.

• The new, simpler circuit enables us to make rapid calculations of

the voltage, current, and power which the original circuit is able to
deliver to a load. It also helps us to choose the best value of this
load resistance.

• In a transistor power amplifier, for example, the Thévenin or Norton

equivalent enables us to determine the maximum power that can be
taken from the amplifier and delivered to the speakers.

31/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

32/55
 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

• We can repeatedly
apply source
transformation on
network A to find
its Thévenin
equivalent circuit.

• This method has

limitations. Not
all circuits can be
source
transformed.

33/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
To find Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits, three cases to study
depending on the type of sources the circuit has.

Case 1:
The circuit contains only independent sources (no dependent sources
are there in the circuit).
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞
To find 𝑅𝑒𝑞 Kill all the sources (replace all voltage sources by short
circuits and all current sources by open circuits) then compute 𝑅𝑒𝑞 .
34/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

35/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

36/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

37/55
Example

KCL at the upper node

38/55
38
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Case 2:
The circuit contains both independent and dependent sources.
𝑣𝑜𝑐
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐 , 𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
𝑖𝑠𝑐

Technically speaking, there does not always have to be a “network B” for us to

invoke either Thévenin’s theorem or Norton’s theorem; we could instead be
asked to find the equivalent of a network with two terminals not yet connected
to another network.
If there is a network B that we do not want to involve in the simplification
procedure, however, we must use a little caution if it contains dependent
sources. In such situations, the controlling variable and the associated
element(s) must be included in network B and excluded from network A.
Otherwise, there will be no way to analyze the final circuit because the
controlling quantity will be lost.
If network A contains a dependent source, then again we must ensure that the
controlling variable and its associated element(s) cannot be in network B.

39/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

40/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Case 3:
The circuit contains only dependent sources (no independent sources
are there in the circuit).

𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐 = 0

To the value of RTH represented by this two-terminal network.

However, we cannot find voc and isc and take their quotient, for there is
no independent source in the network and both voc and isc are zero. Let
us, therefore, be a little tricky.

Apply a 1 A source externally, measure the voltage vtest that results, and
then set
𝑣𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
1

41/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

42/55
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

The Thévenin and Norton equivalents are source transformations

of each other.

𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 =
𝑅𝑇𝐻

43/55
Maximum Power Transfer

44/55
Maximum Power Transfer

45/55
Maximum Power Transfer

46
46/55
Maximum Power Transfer

47/55
Maximum Power Transfer

48/55
Delta – Wye Conversion

49/55
Delta – Wye Conversion

50/55
Delta – Wye Conversion

51/55
Delta – Wye Conversion

52/55
Delta – Wye Conversion
Example Find Req between a & b (Rab)

53/55
Delta – Wye Conversion
Example Find Req between a & b (Rab)

54/55
 End
Of
Chapter 5

55/55