SECTION – A
1)
AIM: To isolate DNA from available plant material such as banana, papaya etc.
REQUIREMENTS: Plant Material, Mortar and Pestle, Beakers, Test Tube, Liquid Detergent,
Non-iodised Sodium Chloride, Distilled Water, 95% Ethanol, Spool.
PROCEDURE:
Take 5g of the plant tissue and grind it in the mortar by adding 10ml
detergent, salt solution and filter it through muslin cloth.
Pour 10 ml chilled ethanol carefully down the side of the test tube to form a layer
on the top of the content; let it stand undisturbed for about 3 minutes.
Using the glass rod stir gently through the interface of the two layers to
collect the precipitate of DNA and place it in a test tube with 5% NaCl or
distilled water.
The quantity of DNA present in the given plant material can be estimated
through spectrophotometer.
OBSERVATION: The addition of ethanol to the solution causes DNA to precipitate. The
DNA fibres appears as white precipitate of very fine threads on the glass spool.
PRECAUTIONS:
Plant Material should be washed thoroughly with distilled water to remove any
dust and dried by blotting before weighing.
All the glassware used must be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
2)
AIM: To study the pollen germination on a slide.
REQUIREMENTS: Fresh Flower, Slide, Coverslip, Microscope, Sucrose, Boric Acid,
Magnesium Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate, Beakers, etc.
PROCEDURE:
Prepare a nutrient solution by dissolving 10g sucrose, 10g boric acid, 30mg
magnesium sulphate and 20mg potassium nitrate in 100ml of water.
Take a few drops of this solution on a clean slide and dust a few pollen grains
from the stamen of a mature flower on it.
Observe the slide in the microscope after 5 minutes and then observe it
regularly for about half an hour.
OBSERVATION: In nutrient medium, the pollen grain germinates. The tube cell enlarges
and comes out of the pollen grain through one of the germ spores to form a pollen tube.
The tube nucleus descends to the tip of the pollen tube. The generative cell also passes
into it. It soon divides into two male gametes. Each male gamete is lenticular to
spherical in outline.
PRECAUTIONS:
Flowers should be freshly plucked.
Use clean slide to observe the pollen grain.
3)
AIM: To study plant population density of different plant species of a given area.
REQUIREMENTS: Meter tape, nails, paper, string etc.
PROCEDURE:
In a given field, measure 1 meter x 1 meter area with a meter scale.
Now fix the nails at the corners and tie the strings, to make a square 1 mt x 1 mt.
Note down the number of plants of a particular species in one square. Similarly
count the number of individuals of another species.
OBSERVATION:
S. No Plant Species No. of individual per quadrate Total no. Pop.
I II III of indiv. Density
Population Density: Total No. of individuals in all the quadrates studied.
Total No. of Quadrates Studied
PRECAUTION:
Measurement of quadrate should be accurate.
String used should not be thick.
SECTION – B
4)
a.) A- The given card was identified to be Wind pollination (Anemophily) - Maize flower.
COMMENTS:
Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
Flowers are colorless, odorless and nectar less.
Anthers are versatile and pollen grains are light, small, and dusty.
Pollen grains are produced in very large numbers.
Stigma is hairy, feathery, or branched to catch wind born pollen grains.
b.) B- The given slide was identified to be Blastula
c.) C- The given experimental setup was identified to be Dihybrid Cross.
COMMENTS:
Mendel's dihybrid cross involved yellow round (RRYY) and green wrinkled (rryy)
plants, resulting in an F1 generation with the phenotype RrYy.
Self-crossing the F1 plant produced four phenotypically distinct plants:
RRYY/RrYy, YYrr/Yyrr, yyRR/yyRr, and rryy.
This experiment led to Mendel's third law, the law of independent
assortment, stating that characters segregate independently.
The dihybrid cross exhibited a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 and a genotypic ratio of
1:2:2:4:2:1:2:1.
d.) D- The given slide was identified to be Plasmodium Vivax The
disease caused by Plasmodium Vivax is Malaria.
SYMPTOMS:
Early symptoms include restlessness, less appetite, slight sleeplessness followed
by muscular pain, headache and feeling of chilliness.
In response to chills the body temperature starts raising and may reach 106oF at the
height of fever.
e.) E- The given type of interaction was identified to be Symbiotic Association
COMMENTS:
Lichens are the symbiotic association of algae and fungi.
Fungal part is known as mycobiont, and algal part is phycobiont.
Mycobiont part is for the absorption of minerals and water and photobiont is for
photosynthesis.
Mostly lichens grow slowly. Some can reach the age of many centuries.
They are also known as pollution indicators as they will not grow in polluted
environment.
f.) F- The evolutionary relationship between the organs were identified to be
Homologous Organs.
COMMENTS:
Homologous organs are organs that are similar in structure but different in function.
Given are the forelimbs of man, cheetah, whale, and bat.
The forelimbs of the mentioned organisms possess similar anatomical
structures and have similar bones. But, their function differs.
Homologous organs are an important example in the evolutionary process because
it leads to divergent evolution.
g.) G- The given pedigree chart was identified to be Colour Blindness.
i) Colour Blindness is a Sex-Linked Recessive Trait. ii)
Therefore, The Genotype of the parents are: Mother: X cX
Father: XY
