Example.

The area between the parabola y

CHAPTER FOUR = x2 and the x axis from x = -1 to x = 2 is
2

1. PLANE AREAS obtained by first finding F(x) = ∫ -1 x2 dx =

x3/3, and then computing [ F(x) ] = F(2) –
Development in science and F(-1). Thus the required area is
engineering have amply demonstrated the
power and usefulness of the calculus as a 2
A(-1,2) = [x3/3] = (2)3/3 – (-1)3/3
branch of mathematical analysis. -1

= 8/3 + 1/3
Specifically, we find the integration process
= 3.
an effective and powerful tool in the
solution of many diversified problems-
 Calculation of Areas
geometric as well as physical-that are
If in the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, a curve y
frequent occurrence in various branches of
= f(x) lies on or above the x axis, we have
science, engineering and technology.
shown in the preceding article that the area
For example, problems relating to the bounded by the curve, the x axis, and the
computation of areas, volumes, lengths of ordinates at x = a and x = b is given by
arcs and surfaces; determination of b b
A(a,b) = [ ∫ f(x) dx ] a = [ F(x) ]a = F (b) – F (a).
centroids and moments of inertia;
calculation of fluid pressure; work done by
If the curve lies on or below the x axis
a variable force; and a host of many others
the value given by (1) will be negative since
in many fields, which could, directly and
f(x) is negative. The actual area in this case
effectively be solved by the use of
will be given by the absolute value of (1).
integration and the application of both the
Hence if the curve y = f(x) crosses the x axis
definite and indefinite integral.
between x = a and x = b, the total area
Theorem: bounded by the curve, the x axis, and the
The differential of area bounded by ordinates at x = a and x = b is obtained by
any curve, the x-axis, a fixed ordinate, and considering separately the areas above and
a variable ordinate is equal to the product of below the x axis.
the variable ordinate and the differential of
the abscissa. Example No. 1. Find the area bounded by
y = 2x + x2 – x3, the x axis, and the lines x
 Area an as Integral = -1 and x = 1.
From dA = y dx, Solution: The graph of y =
it follows by 2x + x2 – x3 indicates that
inspection that the required area is in two
A= ∫ y dx parts. The area from x = -
1 to x = 0 is obtained from
= ∫ f(x) dx 0
= F(x) + C [∫ (2x + x2 – x3) dx]0 = [ x2 + x3/3 – x4/4]-1
-1
= [0] – [1 – 1/3 – ¼] = -5/12, while the area
Where F(x) is a function whose derivative is
from x = 0 to x = 1 is
f(x). The variable area PCDQ in the figure
1 1
may be found from (1) by using the [∫ (2x + x2 – x3) dx] = [ x2 + x3/3 – x4/4]0
condition that A = 0 when x = a. Thus by 0

substituting x = a in (1) we have 0 = F(a) + = [1 + 1/3 – ¼] – [0] = 13/12.

C; hence, in denoting the area from a to x Thus the required area is -5/12 +
by A(a,x), we have 13/12 = 2/3. Note that the integral from x
A(a,x) = F(x) – F(a) = -1 to x = 1 would give the algebraic sum
of the above values or 2/3.
As a result, we also have
Area PCER = A(a,b) = F(b) – F(a) ASSIGNMENT No. 6
The difference F(b) – F(a) is often denoted by Find the area bounded by the curve, the x
b
[ F(x) ] a, where a is called lower limit and axis, and the given ordinates. Draw the
b the upper limit. figure.
In evaluating (2) observe that the
constant of integration may be omitted, 1. y = 2x + 1; from x = 0 to x = 4.
since if we use F(x) + C in place of F(x) we 2. y = 10x – x2; from x = 2 to x = 5.
find A(a,b) = [F(b) + C ] – [F(a) +C ]
= F(b) – F(a). 3. y = x3 + 3x2; from x = 0 to x = 2.

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 1

4. y = (x + 2)2; from x = -2 to x = 0. 14. Find the area bounded by the curve y =
3 + 3x – 4x3, and the lines x = -1/2, x = ½,
5. y = x99 ; from x = 0 to x = 1.
y = 0.
6. y = a2 – x2; from x = -a to x = a.
2. PLANE AREAS IN RECTANGULAR
7. y = (x)1/2; from x = 1 to x = 16. COORDINATES
8. y3 = x2; from x = 0 to x = 8. The definite integral
b
∫a f(x) dx
9. x2y = x2 - 4; from x = 2 to x = 4. extended to a set of properly chosen
rctangular elements, either vertical or
10. x3y = x - 1; from x = 1 to x = 5. horizontal gives us a means of computing
11. Find the area in the first quadrant the area bounded in any manner whatever,
bounded by the x axis and the curve y = 6x by curves whose equations are given in
+ x 2 – x 3. cartesian coordinates.

12. Find the area bounded by the x axis and Essentially, we take a typical
the curve y = 4 – x2/3. rectangular element, parallel to either axis,
chosen according to our convenience,
13. Find the total area between the express its area dA, as the product of its
parabola y = x2 – 4x, the x axis, and the base and its altitude; and integrate over the
ordinates x = -2 and x = 3. whole region.
14. Find the total area between the cubic y In summary, the following suggested
= 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x, the x axis, and its procedure will often sometimes simplify
maximum and minimum ordinates. and make clear the method involved in the
15. Find the area between the curve y = 2x4 solution of plane area problems:
– x2, the x axis and its two minimum  Step (1). Trace the boundary curves,
ordinates. sketch and shade the area to be
PROBLEM SET No. 7 determined.
 Step (2). Draw a representative
Find the area bounded by the curve and the rectangular element (vertical or
given lines; sketch the curve, shade the horizontal) of area and express its
area required and show a differential of area as a function of x and dx (or y
area. and dy).
1. y = 5x; x-axis, x = 1 to x = 5.  Step (3). Determine the limits of
integration from the figure and
2. y + x = 0; x-axis, x = -4 to x = -1. integrate to obtain the area.
 Step (4). Make a rough check of the
3. 2x – 3y + 6 = 0; x-axis, x = -2 to x = 2.
result by estimating the area
4. y = x2; x-axis, x = 0 to x = 3. graphically.
5. x = y3; y = 0, x = 1 to x = 8. Example No. 1. Find the area bounded by
the parabola y2 = 4x and the line 2x – y =
6. x = 4 – y2; y-axis. 12
7. y = x3; y-axis; y = 1 to y = 4. Solution: 1. Solving the two
8. y2 = x3; y-axis, y = -1 to y = 1. equations simultaneously,
we find their points of
9. 2x3 – y – 2 = 0; x-axis, x = 1 to x = 2. intersection as given in the
10. x = 2y3 – 6y + 5; y-axis max., and min. figure.
abscissa of the curve. 2. Drawing a horizontal element of area we
11. Find the area enclosed by the loop of have
the curve whose equation is y2 = x(3 – x)2. dA = [(x of line) – (x of parabola)] dy
12. Find the area bounded by the = [½(y + 12) – ¼y2] dy
coordinate axes and the parabolic arc √𝑥 +
= ¼(-y2 + 2y + 24) dy.
√𝑦 = √𝑎.
3. In order to evaluate the total area OPQ
13. Find the area in the first quadrant the horizontal elements of area must be
bounded by the coordinate axes and the summed from one extreme P to the other
3 3
curve √𝑥 + 3√𝑦 = √𝑎. extreme Q.

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 2

 6 𝟐 14. y = (x – 1)3, y = x2 – x – 1.
A = ¼ ∫-4 (-y2 + 2y + 24) dy = 41 .
𝟑

4. For a rough check we observe that the 15. x2y = 4, y = 7 -3x.

area OPQ equals approximately one-half PROBLEM SET No. 8
the area of the circumscribing rectangle
extending from x = 0 to x = 9 and y = -4 to In each of the following, draw the figures
y = 6. This observation yields an estimate showing an element of area and find the
of 45 which agrees approximately with the area bounded by the given curves.
above result.
1. y = x3, y = 2x2.
In evaluating a plane area
it is immaterial from a 2. 2x – y = 0, 2x2 + 4x + y = 0.
theoretical point of view 3. y = 2 – x2, y = -x.
whether horizontal or
vertical elements of area 4. y2 = x, y2 = x3
are chosen. The chioce 5. y2 = 2x, y2 – 4x + 8 = 0.
depends on how many
integrals are needed to determine the given 6. y = 1/(x2 + 1), 3x2 + 2y – 4 = 0.
area and how difficult the integrals are to
7. y = x4 – 2x2, y = 2x2.
evaluate. For instance, the area in the
preceding example may be determined by 8. xy = 4, 2x + y – 6 = 0.
using vertical elements of area. In this case,
however it is necessary to consider the area 9. y = 12x/(x2+4), 2y = 3x.
OPQ in two parts OPR and RPQ. 10. x2 = 4ay, x2 = -4ay + 8a.
4
Area OPR = ∫0 [(√4𝑥) - (−√4𝑥)]dx 11. x = 4 – y3, y-axis
4
= 4 ∫0 x1/2 dx = 21𝟑
𝟏 12. x = 8 – y3, y-axis, x-axis.

9
13. xy = 4, x = 1, y = 1.
Area RPQ = ∫4 [(√4𝑥) - (2𝑥 − 12)]dx
14. y = (1 – x2)2, y = 1.
4 𝟏
= 2 ∫0 (x1/2 – x +6) dx = 20𝟑 15. x = y3 – y2, x = 0.
1 1 𝟐
Total Area = 213 + 203 = 41𝟑

ASSIGNMENT No. 7
In each of the following, draw the figures
showing an element of area and find the
area bounded by the given curves.
1. y = x2, y = x.
2. y = x2 + 2x, y = x + 2.
3. y2 = 2x, y = x – 4.
4. y = x2, y = 2x2 – 3x.
5. x2 = 2ay, y = 2a.
6. x2 + 3y = 4, x – 2y = 4.
7. y = x – x2, y = -x.
8. 4ay = x2, y = x + 3a.
9. y2 = 4ax, x2 = 4ay.
10. y = x4, y = 3x2 + 4.
11. y = x3, y = 4x2.
12. y = x(x – 1), y = 2(x-1).
13. y2 = x, y = x3.

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 3