Measurement and Instrumentation Theory and

Application 2nd Edition Morris Solutions Manual

latest pdf 2025

Featured on testbankdeal.com
( 4.6/5.0 ★ | 226 downloads )

https://testbankdeal.com/product/measurement-and-instrumentation-
theory-and-application-2nd-edition-morris-solutions-manual/
Measurement and Instrumentation Theory and Application 2nd
Edition Morris Solutions Manual

SOLUTION MANUAL TEST BANK PDF

Available Formats

■ PDF Test bank Study Manual Test bank

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Ready to Download Explore Library

We have selected some products that you may be interested in
Click the link to download now or visit testbankdeal.com
for more options!.

Medical Instrumentation Application and Design 4th Edition

Webster Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/medical-instrumentation-application-
and-design-4th-edition-webster-solutions-manual/

Leadership Theory Application and Skill Development 5th

Edition Lussier Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/leadership-theory-application-and-
skill-development-5th-edition-lussier-solutions-manual/

Leadership Theory Application and Skill Development 6th

Edition Lussier Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/leadership-theory-application-and-
skill-development-6th-edition-lussier-solutions-manual/

Nutritional Foundations and Clinical Applications 5th

Edition Grodner Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/nutritional-foundations-and-clinical-
applications-5th-edition-grodner-test-bank/
Financial Management Principles and Applications 12th
Edition Titman Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/financial-management-principles-and-
applications-12th-edition-titman-solutions-manual/

Corporate Finance The Core 4th Edition Berk Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/corporate-finance-the-core-4th-
edition-berk-test-bank/

Medical Surgical Nursing An Integrated Approach 3rd

Edition White Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/medical-surgical-nursing-an-
integrated-approach-3rd-edition-white-test-bank/

Principles of Operations Management Sustainability and

Supply Chain Management 10th Edition Heizer Solutions
Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/principles-of-operations-management-
sustainability-and-supply-chain-management-10th-edition-heizer-
solutions-manual/

Marketing 3rd Edition Grewal Test Bank

https://testbankdeal.com/product/marketing-3rd-edition-grewal-test-
bank/
Fundamentals Of Database Systems 6th Edition Elmasri
Solutions Manual

https://testbankdeal.com/product/fundamentals-of-database-systems-6th-
edition-elmasri-solutions-manual/
 CHAPTER 9

Solutions for Chapter 9

9.1 Discussion should cover at least the following points:
Digital meters give a higher measurement accuracy than analog instruments.
Digital meters have a faster speed of response to voltage changes than analog
instruments.
The binary nature of the output reading from a digital instrument means that it
can be readily applied to a display that is in the form of discrete numerals.
Where human operators are required to measure and record signal voltage levels,
this form of output makes an important contribution to measurement reliability
and accuracy, since the problem of analog meter parallax error is eliminated, and
the possibility of gross error through misreading the meter output is greatly
reduced.
The availability of a direct output in digital form in many instruments is also very
useful in the rapidly expanding range of computer control applications.
Digital meters also have very high input impedance (10 MU compared with 1e20 kU
for analog meters), which avoids the measurement system loading problem that
frequently occurs when analog meters are used. Digital meters can measure signals of
frequency up to 1 MHz.
Digital meters usually provide automatic ranging, which prevents overload and
reverse polarity connection.

9.2 The points expected in the explanation include:

Voltage-to-time conversion digital voltmeter:
It is a ramp type of instrument.
When an unknown voltage signal is applied to the input terminals of the instrument,
a negative-slope ramp waveform is generated internally and compared with the input
signal.
When the two are equal, a pulse is generated that opens a gate, and at a later
point in time a second pulse closes the gate when the negative ramp voltage
reaches zero.
The length of time between the gate opening and closing is monitored by an elec-
tronic counter, which produces a digital display according to the level of the input
voltage signal.

Measurement and Instrumentation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800884-3.00030-7

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
2 Chapter 9

It is the simplest form of digital voltmeter (DVM) and is relatively cheap.

Its main drawbacks are nonlinearities in the shape of the ramp waveform used and
lack of noise rejection, and these problems lead to a typical inaccuracy of
0.05%.
Potentiometric DVM:
It uses a servo principle.
The error between the unknown input voltage level and a reference voltage is applied
to a servo-driven potentiometer that adjusts the reference voltage until it balances the
unknown voltage.
The output reading is produced by a mechanical drum-type digital display driven by
the potentiometer.
This is a relatively cheap form of DVM that gives excellent performance for its price.
Dual-slope integration DVM:
The unknown voltage is applied to an integrator for a fixed time T1, following which
a reference voltage of opposite sign is applied to the integrator, which discharges
down to a zero output in an interval T2 measured by a counter.
A diagram similar to Figure 9.1 in the book should be drawn to show the outpute
time relationship for the integrator. With the labeling shown in Figure 9.1, the
unknown voltage Vi can be calculated geometrically from the triangle as:
Vi ¼ Vref ðT1 =T2 Þ
This is a relatively simple form of DVM but quite expensive.
It has better noise-rejection capabilities than other types of DVM and gives
correspondingly better measurement accuracy (inaccuracy as low as
0.005%).
Voltage-to-frequency conversion DVM:
The unknown voltage signal is fed via a range switch and an amplifier into a con-
verter circuit whose output is in the form of a train of voltage pulses at a frequency
proportional to the magnitude of the input signal.
The main advantage of this type of DVM is its ability to reject AC noise.

9.3 Discussion of the following applications is expected:

Its use as indicators in system control panels, where deviations of controlled parame-
ters away from the normal expected range are spotted more easily by a pointer
moving against a scale in an analog meter rather than by variations in the numeric
output display of a digital meter.
Applications with significant noise and isolation problems, since analog instruments
tend to be less affected by such problems than digital instruments.
Applications where a mains power supply is not available and battery power is incon-
venient or impractical (analog instruments are passive instruments that do not need a
power supply).
 Solutions for Chapter 9 3

Some applications for historical reasons (where the cost and effort of changing to a
digital instrument is not justified).

9.4 (a) Sketch the Meter

Permanent magnet

Pointer

N
S
Moving coil
Iron core
Spring

The meter consists of a rectangular coil wound round a soft iron core that
is suspended in the field of a permanent magnet. The signal being measured
is applied to the coil, and this produces a radial magnetic field. Interaction
between this induced field and the field produced by the permanent magnet
causes a torque, which results in rotation of the coil. The amount of
rotation of the coil is measured by attaching a pointer to it that moves
past a graduated scale. The theoretical torque produced is given by:

T ¼ BIhwN

where B is the flux density of the radial field, I is the current flowing in
the coil, h is the height of the coil, w is the width of the coil, and N is
the number of turns in the coil. If the iron core is cylindrical and the air
gap between the coil and pole faces of the permanent magnet is uniform,
then the flux density B is constant, and the above equation can be
rewritten as:
T ¼ KI

i.e., the torque is proportional to the coil current and the instrument scale is
linear.
The torque due to the coil current is opposed by the reaction torque of a
torsional spring such that the final rotational displacement of the coil is propor-
tional to the measured current.
4 Chapter 9

(b) The moving-coil meter measures mean current.

0 p=2 1
Z Zp Z2p
1 @ 20ut 20ðut  p=2Þ
Imean ¼  dut  dut þ 20 sinðwt  pÞdutA
2p p=2 p=2
0 p=2 p
0 1
Zp=2 Zp   Z2p
20 @ 2ut 2ut
¼  dut   1 dut þ sinðut  pÞdutA
2p p p
0 p=2 p

p=2  2 p !
10 ut2 ut 2p
¼    ut þ ½cosðut  pÞp
p p 0 p p=2

10  p 
¼  þ 2 ¼ þ1:366 amps
p 2

9.5 (a) Sketch the two forms of moving-iron meter:

(a) attraction type of meter and (b) repulsion type of meter.

Most moving-iron instruments are either of the attraction type or of the repul-
sion type, but a few instruments belong to a third combination type.
The signal to be measured is applied to a stationary coil, and the associated
field produced is usually amplified by the presence of an iron structure
associated with the fixed coil. The moving element in the instrument
consists of an iron vane that is suspended within the field of the fixed coil.
When the fixed coil is excited, the iron vane turns in a direction that
increases the flux through it.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 5

For an excitation current I, the torque produced that causes the vane to turn
is given by:
I 2 dM
T¼
2dq
where M is the mutual inductance and q is the angular deflection. Rotation is
opposed by a spring that produces a backwards torque given by:
TS ¼ Kq
At equilibrium, T ¼ TS, and q is therefore given by:
I 2 dM
q¼
2Kdq
The instrument thus has a square-law response where the deflection is propor-
tional to the square of the signal being measured, i.e., the output reading is a
root-mean-squared (rms) quantity.
(b) A moving-iron meter measures rms current.
0 p=2 1
Z Zp 2 Z2p
1 @ 400ut 2
400ðut  p=2Þ
2
Irms ¼ 2
dut þ dut þ 400 sin2 ðut  pÞdutA
2p ðp=2Þ ðp=2Þ2
0 p=2 p
0
Zp=2 Zp h i
400 @
¼ ut dut þ
2
ut2  put þ ðp=2Þ2 dut
2pðp=2Þ2
0 p=2

1
p2 Z2p ½1  cos 2ðut  pÞ
þ dutA
2 2
p

 p=2  3 p !
800 ut3 ut put2 p2 ut p2 ut sin 2ðut  pÞ2p
¼ 3 þ  þ þ 
p 3 0 3 2 4 p=2 2 2 4 p

 
800 p3 p3
 ¼ 166:66
p3 3 8
Thus,
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Irms ¼ I 2rms ¼ 166:66 ¼ 12:90 amp
6 Chapter 9

9.6 (a) The moving-coil meter measures mean current.

0 p 1
Z Z2p
1 @ 10ðut  pÞ
Imean ¼ 10 sinðwtÞdut  dutA
2p p
0 p
" #2p !
1 p 10ðut  pÞ2
¼ 10½cosðutÞ0 
2p 2p
p

1
¼ ð10 þ 10  5pÞ ¼ þ0:683 amps
2p
(b) A moving-iron meter measures rms current.
0 p 1
Z Z2p 2
1 @ 100 sin2 ðutÞdut þ 100ðut  pÞ
2
Irms ¼ dutA
2p p2
0 p
0 1
Zp Z2p
100 @ ð1  cos 2utÞ ut2  2put þ p2
¼ dut þ dutA
2p 2 p2
0 p
0 1
 p " #2p
100 B 3
B ut  sin 2ut þ ðutÞ  put þ p ut C
2 2 C
¼ @ A
2p 2 4 0 3p 2 p2 p 2
p

100 p p
¼ þ ¼ 41:67
2p 2 3
Thus,
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Irms ¼ I 2rms ¼ 6:45 amp

9.7 The bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies over which the oscilloscope
amplifier gain is within 3 dB of its peak value. This could be illustrated by a sketch
similar to Figure 9.9 in the book.
It is reasonable to expect the student to define the decibel: The dB expresses the ratio
between two quantities. For two voltage levels V1 and V2, the difference between the
two levels is expressed in decibels as 20 log10(V1/V2).
It follows from this that the 3 dB point is where the gain is 0.707 times its
maximum value. The derivation of this should be given as:
20 log10 ð0:7071Þ ¼ 3 dB
 Solutions for Chapter 9 7

In most oscilloscopes, the amplifier is direct-coupled, which means that it amplifies

DC voltages by the same factor as low frequency AC ones. For such instruments, the
minimum frequency measurable is zero, and the bandwidth can be interpreted as the
maximum frequency where the sensitivity (deflection/volt) is within 3 dB of the peak
value.
The rise time is the transit time between the 10% and 90% levels of the response
when a step input is applied to the oscilloscope.
Design aim:
Oscilloscopes are normally designed such that:
Bandwidth  Rise time ¼ 0:35
Thus, for a bandwidth of 100 MHz, rise time ¼ 0.35/100,000,000 ¼ 3.5 ns.
A good answer would go on to explain the constraints on choice of bandwidth:
The maximum frequency to be measured must be well within the bandwidth.
The 3 dB specification means that an oscilloscope with a specified inaccuracy of

2% and bandwidth of 100 MHz will have an inaccuracy of
5% when measuring
30 MHz signals, and this inaccuracy will increase still further at higher frequencies.
Thus, when applied to signal-amplitude measurement, the oscilloscope is only usable
at frequencies up to about 0.3 times its specified bandwidth.
This imposes a corresponding constraint on the rise time required according to:
Bandwidth  Rise time ¼ 0:35

9.8 The following points are expected in the explanation:

Channel: A channel describes the basic subsystem of the instrument for displaying
one measurement signal (in an analog oscilloscope, this consists of an electron
source, focusing system, and deflector plates). This subsystem is often duplicated one
or more times within the instrument to provide a capability of displaying two or
more signals at the same time on the screen. The common oscilloscope configuration
with two channels can therefore display two separate signals simultaneously.
Single-ended input: This type of input only has one input terminal plus a ground
terminal per oscilloscope channel and, consequently, only allows signal voltages to
be measured relative to ground. It is normally only used in simple oscilloscopes.
Differential input: This type of input is provided on more expensive oscilloscopes.
Two input terminals plus a ground terminal are provided for each channel, which
allows the potentials at two nongrounded points in a circuit to be compared. This
type of input can also be used in single-ended mode to measure a signal relative to
ground by using just one of the input terminals plus ground.
Vertical sensitivity: This defines the magnitude of the input signal that will cause a
deflection of one division on the screen. The vertical sensitivity control is usually
labeled as “volts/div” on the oscilloscope panel. (In an analog oscilloscope, this is
8 Chapter 9

achieved by a series of attenuators and preamplifiers at the input to the oscilloscope

that condition the measured signal to the optimum magnitude for input to the main
amplifier and vertical deflection plates, thus enabling the instrument to measure a
very wide range of different signal magnitudes.)
Display position control: This allows the position at which a signal is displayed on
the screen to be controlled in two ways. The horizontal position is adjusted by a
horizontal position knob on the oscilloscope front panel, and similarly a vertical
position knob controls the vertical position. These controls adjust the position of the
display by biasing the measured signal with DC voltage levels.

9.9 The student should draw a block diagram similar to that in Figure 9.12 of the book.
The explanation of the mode of operation should cover the following points:
The first component is an amplifier/attenuator unit that allows the magnitude of the
input voltage signal to be adjusted to an appropriate level.
The next component is an analog-to-digital converter, which samples the input signal
at discrete points in time.
The next component is the acquisition memory unit, which stores the sampled signal
values.
The next component is a microprocessor, which receives the signal samples from the
acquisition memory unit. This carries out signal processing functions, manages the
front panel control settings, and prepares the output display.
The next component is the display memory module, which stores the output signal.
The final unit is the oscilloscope display unit, which received the output signal from
the display memory module.
The display unit consists of either a monochrome or multicolor liquid crystal display.
The signal displayed is actually a sequence of individual dots rather than a contin-
uous line as displayed by an analog oscilloscope. However, as the density of dots
increases, the display becomes closer and closer to a continuous line.
The density of the dots is entirely dependent upon the sampling rate at which the
analog signal is digitized and the rate at which the memory contents are read to
reconstruct the original signal.
As the speed of sampling and signal processing are a function of instrument cost,
more expensive instruments give better performance in terms of dot density and the
accuracy with which the analog signal is recorded and represented. Nevertheless, the
cost of computing power is now sufficiently low to mean that all, but the very
cheapest, instruments now have a display that looks very much like a continuous
trace.
Besides their ability to display the magnitude of voltage signals and other parameters
such as signal phase and frequency, most digital oscilloscopes can also carry out
analysis of the measured waveform and compute signal parameters such as maximum
 Solutions for Chapter 9 9

and minimum signal levels, peakepeak values, mean values, rms values, rise time,
and fall time.
These additional functions are controlled by extra knobs and push buttons on the
front panel. They are also ideally suited to capturing transient signals when set to
single-sweep mode. This avoids the problem of the very careful synchronization that
is necessary to capture such signals on an analog oscilloscope.
In addition, digital oscilloscopes often have facilities to output analog signals to
devices like chart recorders and output digital signals in a form that is compatible
with standard interfaces like IEEE488 and RS232.

9.10 Diagram and mode of operation:

The student should draw a block diagram similar to that in Figure 9.13 of the book.
The explanation of the mode of operation should cover the following points:
The first component is an amplifier/attenuator unit that allows the magnitude of the
input voltage signal to be adjusted to an appropriate level.
The next component is an analog-to-digital converter, which samples the input signal
at discrete points in time.
The next component is the digital phosphor memory unit, which stores the sampled
signal values. This is not composed of chemical phosphor as its name might imply,
but is in fact entirely electronic.
Thereafter, data follows two parallel paths:
In the first path, there is a microprocessor. This processes the data acquired at each
sampling instant according to the settings on the control panel and sends the
processed signal to the instrument display unit.
The second path sends a snapshot of the input signal directly to the display unit at a
rate of 30 images per second.
The final unit is the oscilloscope display unit, which receives two inputs, one from
the microprocessor and one directly from the digital phosphor memory unit.
The display unit consists of either a monochrome or multicolor liquid crystal display.
The signal displayed is actually a sequence of individual dots rather than a contin-
uous line as displayed by an analog oscilloscope. However, as the density of dots
increases, the display becomes closer and closer to a continuous line.
The density of the dots is entirely dependent upon the sampling rate at which the
analog signal is digitized, and the rate at which the memory contents are read to
reconstruct the original signal.
As the speed of sampling and signal processing are a function of instrument cost,
more expensive instruments give better performance in terms of dot density and the
accuracy with which the analog signal is recorded and represented. Nevertheless, the
cost of computing power is now sufficiently low to mean that all, but the very
cheapest instruments now have a display that looks very much like a continuous trace.
10 Chapter 9

Besides their ability to display the magnitude of voltage signals and other parameters
such as signal phase and frequency, most digital oscilloscopes can also carry out
analysis of the measured waveform and compute signal parameters such as maximum
and minimum signal levels, peakepeak values, mean values, rms values, rise time,
and fall time.
These additional functions are controlled by extra knobs and push buttons on the
front panel. They are also ideally suited to capturing transient signals when set to
single-sweep mode. This avoids the problem of the very careful synchronization that
is necessary to capture such signals on an analog oscilloscope.
In addition, digital oscilloscopes often have facilities to output analog signals to
devices like chart recorders and output digital signals in a form that is compatible
with standard interfaces like IEEE488 and RS232.
Advantages over digital storage oscilloscope:
The principal limitation of a digital storage oscilloscope is that the only signal infor-
mation captured is the status of the signal at each sampling instant. Thereafter, no
new signal information is captured during the time that the previous sample is being
processed. This means that any signal changes occurring between sampling instants,
such as fast transients, are not detected.
To overcome this, the digital phosphor oscilloscope has a parallel-processing archi-
tecture rather than the serial-processing architecture found in digital storage
oscilloscopes.
This enhanced processing capability enables the instrument to have a higher wave-
form capture rate.
It can detect very fast signal transients that are missed by digital storage
oscilloscopes.
9.11 Diagram and mode of operation:
The student should draw a block diagram similar to that in Figure 9.14 of the book.
The explanation of the mode of operation should cover the following points:
The first component is an analog-to-digital converter, which samples the input signal
at discrete points in time.
The next component is a low-bandwidth amplifier unit that allows the magnitude of
the input voltage signal to be adjusted to an appropriate level.
The next component is the acquisition memory unit, which stores the sampled signal
values.
The next component is a microprocessor, which receives the signal samples from the
acquisition memory unit. This carries out signal processing functions, manages the
front panel control settings, and prepares the output display.
The next component is the display memory module, which stores the output
signal.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 11

The final unit is the oscilloscope display unit, which received the output signal from
the display memory module.
The display unit consists of either a monochrome or multicolor liquid crystal display.
The signal displayed is actually a sequence of individual dots rather than a contin-
uous line as displayed by an analog oscilloscope. However, as the density of dots
increases, the display becomes closer and closer to a continuous line.
The density of the dots is entirely dependent upon the sampling rate at which the
analog signal is digitized, and the rate at which the memory contents are read to
reconstruct the original signal.
As the speed of sampling and signal processing are a function of instrument cost,
more expensive instruments give better performance in terms of dot density and the
accuracy with which the analog signal is recorded and represented. Nevertheless, the
cost of computing power is now sufficiently low to mean that all, but the very
cheapest instruments now have a display that looks very much like a continuous trace.
Besides their ability to display the magnitude of voltage signals and other parameters
such as signal phase and frequency, most digital oscilloscopes can also carry out
analysis of the measured waveform and compute signal parameters such as maximum
and minimum signal levels, peakepeak values, mean values, rms values, rise time,
and fall time.
These additional functions are controlled by extra knobs and push buttons on the
front panel. They are also ideally suited to capturing transient signals when set to
single-sweep mode. This avoids the problem of the very careful synchronization that
is necessary to capture such signals on an analog oscilloscope.
In addition, digital oscilloscopes often have facilities to output analog signals to
devices like chart recorders and output digital signals in a form that is compatible
with standard interfaces like IEEE488 and RS232.
Advantages and disadvantages:
The reversal of the positions of the analog-to-digital converter and the amplifier
compared with a digital storage oscilloscope means that the sampled signal applied to
the amplifier has a much lower frequency than the original signal. This allows the use
of a low-bandwidth amplifier.
The low bandwidth amplifier allows a digital sampling oscilloscope to have a band-
width of up to 25 GHz, which is about 10 times better than that achieved by other
types of oscilloscope.
However, the fact that the input signal is applied directly to the analog-to-digital con-
verter without any scaling means that the instrument can only be used to measure
signals whose peak magnitude is within a relatively small range of typically 1 V
peakepeak. By contrast, both digital storage and digital phosphor oscilloscopes can
typically deal with inputs up to 500 V.
12 Chapter 9

9.12 The following points are expected in the answer:

Explanation of a PC-based oscilloscope:
A PC-based oscilloscope consists of a hardware unit that connects to a
standard PC and allows it to perform the functions provided by a stand-alone
oscilloscope.
The hardware unit is connected to the PC via either a USB or a parallel port.
The hardware unit provides the signal scaling, analog-to-digital conversion, and
buffer memory functions found in a conventional oscilloscope.
More expensive PC-based oscilloscopes also provide some high-speed digital signal
processing functions within the hardware unit.
The host PC itself provides the control interface and display facilities.
Advantages and disadvantages:
The primary advantage of a PC-based oscilloscope over other types is cost; the cost
saving being achieved because the use of the PC obviates the need for the display
unit and the front control panel found in other forms of oscilloscope.
The larger size of a PC display compared with a conventional oscilloscope often
makes the output display easier to read.
A further advantage is one of portability, since a laptop plus add-on hardware unit is
usually smaller and lighter than a conventional oscilloscope.
PC-based oscilloscopes also facilitate the transfer of output data into standard PC
software such as spreadsheets and word processors.
One disadvantage is that electromagnetic noise originating in PC circuits requires the
hardware unit to be well shielded in order to avoid corruption of the measured signal.
A second disadvantage is that signal sampling rates can be limited by the mode of
connection of the hardware unit into the PC.
9.13 Discussion should cover at least the following points:
Main differences:
Digital storage oscilloscope has a serial-processing architecture, whereas the digital
phosphor oscilloscope has a parallel architecture.
The digital sampling oscilloscope performs analog-to-digital conversion of the
measured signal before any amplification.
Performance and typical usage:
Digital storage oscilloscope can only capture the status of the measured signal at
each sampling instant, which means that no new information is captured during the
time that the current sample is being processed. Hence, the instrument is not suitable
for displaying signals with fast transients.
The parallel-processing architecture of the digital phosphor oscilloscope allows it to
have a higher data capture rate than a digital storage oscilloscope, which means that
it is suitable for displaying signals with fast transients.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 13

Because the measured signal is converted to digital form before amplification in the
digital sampling oscilloscope, the sampled signal applied to the amplifier has a much
lower frequency compared to that of the original signal. This means that a low-
bandwidth amplifier can be used and allows relatively high-frequency signals to be
measured, typically up to 25 GHz. This is about 10 times better than the other types
of oscilloscope. Thus the main application of a digital sampling oscilloscope is in
measuring high-frequency signals.
In a digital sampling oscilloscope, the input signal is applied directly to the analog-
to-digital converter without any scaling. This means that the digital sampling
oscilloscope can only be used to measure signals whose peak magnitude is within a
relatively small range of typically 1 V peakepeak.
By contrast, both digital storage and digital phosphor oscilloscopes can typically deal
with inputs up to 500 V.

9.14 Discussion should cover at least the following points about electronic displays and
computer monitor displays:
Electronic displays:
These enable a parameter value to be read immediately, thus allowing for any neces-
sary response to be made immediately.
The main requirement for displays is that they should be clear and unambiguous.
The two common types of character format used in displays are seven-segment and
7  5 dot matrix.
(Depending on time allowed, students may be expected to illustrate the form of these
by diagrams similar to those given in Figure 9.15 of the book.)
Both types of display have the advantage of being able to display alphabetic as well
as numeric information, although the 7-segment format can only display a limited
9-letter subset of the full 26-letter alphabet. This allows added meaning to be given
to the number displayed by including a word or letter code. It also allows a single
display unit to send information about several parameter values, cycling through each
in turn and including alphabetic information to indicate the nature of the variable
currently displayed.
Electronic output units usually consist of a number of side-by-side cells, where each
cell displays one character. Generally, these accept either serial or parallel digital
input signals, and the input format can be either binary-coded decimal (BCD) or
ACSII.
Technologies used for the individual elements in the display are either light emitting
diodes (LEDs) or liquid-crystal elements.
Computer monitor displays:
Computers provide an excellent mechanism for both displaying and storing informa-
tion, particularly in locations where a suitable computer is already available.
14 Chapter 9

Computers are cheap and highly reliable.

Software provides for alphanumeric displays of industrial plant variable and status
data, for which the plant operator can vary the size of font used to display the infor-
mation at will.
It is also easy to display other information such as plant layout diagrams, process
flow layouts etc. This allows not only the value of parameters that go outside control
limits to be displayed, but also their location on a schematic map of the plant.
Graphical displays of the behavior of a measured variable are also possible. However,
this poses a difficulty when there is a requirement to display the variable’s behavior
over a long period of time, since the length of the time axis is constrained by the size
of the monitor’s screen. To overcome this, the display resolution has to decrease as
the time period of the display increases.
Touch screens have the ability to display the same sort of information as a conven-
tional computer monitor, but they also provide a command-input facility in which the
operator simply has to touch the screen at points where images of keys or boxes are
displayed. The sensing elements behind the screen are protected by the glass and
continue to function even if the glass gets scratched.
Touch screens are usually totally sealed, and thus provide intrinsically safe operation
in hazardous environments.
9.15 Discussion should cover at least the following points about chart recorders, digital
oscilloscopes, digital data recorders, and hard-copy devices such as ink-jet and laser
printers.
This question could form the basis of an extended assignment, in which case
the student would be expected to sketch or include copied diagrams and/or
photographs of the various devices.
Chart recorders:
An electromechanical form of recorder, which is called a hybrid recorder by some
manufacturers.
Provide a noncorruptible record that has the merit of instant “viewability.”
Satisfy regulations set for many industries that require variables to be monitored and
recorded continuously with hard-copy output (N.B. paperless forms of chart recorder
often do not satisfy such regulations).
Satisfy similar requirements defined for ISO 9000 quality assurance procedures and
ISO 14000 environmental protection systems.
Satisfy special regulations in the defense industry that often require hard-copy output
to be kept for 10 years. Originally, chart recorders worked on the same principle as an
analog galvanometric moving-coil meter, except that the moving coil to which the
measured signal was applied carried a pen. The pen drew an ink trace on a strip of
ruled chart paper that was moved past the pen at constant speed by an electrical motor.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 15

The resultant trace on the chart paper showed the variations with time in the magni-
tude of the measured signal. Commonly, such recorders had two or more pens of
different colors so that several measured parameters could be recorded simultaneously.
More recent chart recorders are controlled by a microprocessor and use a servo
system to move the pens instead of the galvanometric mechanism, in which the pen
is driven by a brushless servomotor, and a sensor on the pen feeds back a signal pro-
portional to pen position. In this form, the instrument is known as a potentiometric
recorder. The position signal is measured by a potentiometer in cheaper models, but
more expensive models achieve better performance and reliability by using a noncon-
tacting ultrasonic sensor to provide feedback on the pen position.
The difference between the pen position and the measured signal is applied as an
error signal that drives the motor. One consequence of this electromechanical
balancing mechanism is that the instrument has a slow response time in the range of
0.2e2.0 s, which means that electromechanical potentiometric recorders are only
suitable for measuring DC and slowly time-varying signals.
The microprocessor in a typical modern chart recorder provides functions like selec-
tion of range and chart speed, and also specification of alarm modes and levels to
detect when measured variables go outside acceptable limits.
Basic recorders currently available can record up to three different signals using three
different colored pens. However, multipoint recorders can have 24 or more inputs and
plot 6 or more different colored traces simultaneously.
As an alternative to pens, which can run out of ink at inconvenient times, recorders
using a heated stylus recording signals on heat-sensitive chart paper are available.
The multipoint strip chart recorder is a modification of the pen strip chart recorder
that uses a dot matrix print head striking against an ink ribbon instead of pens. A
typical model might allow up to 24 different signal inputs to be recorded simulta-
neously, using a 6-color ink ribbon.
As well as recording signals as a continuous trace, many models also allow for the
printing of alphanumeric data on the chart to record date, time, and other process
information. Some models also have a digital numeric display to provide information
on the current values of recorded variables.
A circular form of chart recorder is also available, in which the chart paper is circular
in shape and is rotated rather than moving translationally. The rotational speed of the
chart can be typically adjusted between one revolution in 1 h and one revolution in
31 days. Recorded charts are replaced and stored after each revolution, which means
replacement intervals that vary between hourly and monthly according to the chart
speed. The major advantage of the circular chart recorder over other forms is
compactness. Some models have up to four different colored pen assemblies,
allowing up to four different parameters to be recorded simultaneously.
16 Chapter 9

All these alternative forms of chart recorders are still limited to recording either
DC signals or very low frequency ones.
Finally, paperless forms of recorder exist where the output display is generated
entirely electronically. These have names such as virtual chart recorder and digital
chart recorder and display the time history of measured signals electronically, using
a color-matrix liquid crystal display. This avoids the chore of periodically replacing
chart paper and ink cartridges associated with other forms of chart recorder. Reli-
ability is also enhanced compared with electromechanical recorders. As well as
displaying the most recent time history of measured signals on its screen, the instru-
ment also stores a much larger past history.
Some models of paperless recorder can record 100 samples per second, allowing the
recording of frequencies up to about 20 Hz.
A Videographic recorder is an enhanced form of paperless chart recorder that has
additional display modes such as bar graphs (histograms) and digital numbers.
Digital oscilloscope:
Many digital oscilloscopes have facilities to output analog signals to devices like
chart recorders and output digital signals in a form that is compatible with standard
interfaces like IEEE488 and RS232.
Digital oscilloscopes come in three forms: digital storage oscilloscope, digital phos-
phor oscilloscope, and digital sampling oscilloscope.
If the question is used as the basis for an extended assignment, the student might
be expected to cover the mode of operation of each of these (see solutions to
questions 9.9, 9.10 and 9.11 for suggested details).
The digital storage oscilloscope and digital phosphor oscilloscope can typically
record signals of up to 2.5 GHz.
The digital sampling oscilloscope can typically record signals of up to 25 GHz.
Digital data recorder:
Digital data recorders, also known as data loggers, provide a further alternative way
of recording measurement data in digital format.
Data so recorded can then be transferred at a future time either to a computer for
further analysis or to one of the hard-copy output devices described earlier.
Most recorders have facilities to handle measurements in the form of both analog and
digital signals. Common analog input signals allowed include DC voltages, DC cur-
rents, AC voltages, and AC currents. Digital inputs can usually be either in the form
of data from digital measuring instruments or discrete data representing events such
as switch closures or relay operations.
Some models provide alarm facilities to alert operators to abnormal conditions during
data recording operations.
Typical maximum frequency for recorded signals is 10 kHz.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 17

Ink-jet and laser printers:

Ink-jet and laser printers are now widely used as an alternative means of storing mea-
surement system output in a paper form.
Since a computer is a routine part of many data acquisition and processing opera-
tions, it often makes sense to output the data in a suitable form to a computer printer
rather than a chart recorder.
This saves the cost of a separate recorder and is facilitated by the ready availability
of software that can output measurement data in a graphical format.

9.16 Discussion should cover at least the following points.

This question could form the basis of an extended assignment, in which case the
student would be expected to sketch or include copied diagrams and/or photo-
graphs of the various devices.
The chart recorder is an electromechanical instrument, which is called a hybrid
recorder by some manufacturers.
Provides a noncorruptible record that has the merit of instant “viewability.”
Satisfy regulations set for many industries that require variables to be monitored and
recorded continuously with hard-copy output (N.B. paperless forms of chart recorder
often do not satisfy such regulations).
Satisfy similar requirements defined for ISO 9000 quality assurance procedures and
ISO 14000 environmental protection systems.
Satisfy special regulations in the defense industry that often require hard-copy output
to be kept for 10 years. Originally, chart recorders worked on the same principle as
an analog galvanometric moving-coil meter, except that the moving coil to which the
measured signal was applied carried a pen. The pen drew an ink trace on a strip of
ruled chart paper that was moved past the pen at constant speed by an electrical
motor. The resultant trace on the chart paper showed the variations with time in the
magnitude of the measured signal. Commonly, such recorders had two or more pens
of different colors so that several measured parameters could be recorded
simultaneously.
More recent chart recorders are controlled by a microprocessor and use a servo
system to move the pens instead of the galvanometric mechanism, in which the pen
is driven by a brushless servomotor, and a sensor on the pen feeds back a signal pro-
portional to pen position. In this form, the instrument is known as a potentiometric
recorder. The position signal is measured by a potentiometer in cheaper models, but
more expensive models achieve better performance and reliability by using a noncon-
tacting ultrasonic sensor to provide feedback on the pen position.
The difference between the pen position and the measured signal is applied as an
error signal that drives the motor. One consequence of this electromechanical
balancing mechanism is that the instrument has a slow response time in the range of
18 Chapter 9

0.2e2.0 s, which means that electromechanical potentiometric recorders are only

suitable for measuring DC and slowly time-varying signals.
The microprocessor in a typical modern chart recorder provides functions like selec-
tion of range and chart speed, and also specification of alarm modes and levels to
detect when measured variables go outside acceptable limits.
Basic recorders currently available can record up to three different signals using three
different colored pens. However, multipoint recorders can have 24 or more inputs and
plot 6 or more different colored traces simultaneously.
As an alternative to pens, which can run out of ink at inconvenient times, recorders
using a heated stylus recording signals on heat-sensitive chart paper are available.
The multipoint strip chart recorder is a modification of the pen strip chart recorder
that uses a dot matrix print head striking against an ink ribbon instead of pens.
A typical model might allow up to 24 different signal inputs to be recorded simulta-
neously, using a 6-color ink ribbon.
As well as recording signals as a continuous trace, many models also allow for the
printing of alphanumeric data on the chart to record date, time, and other process in-
formation. Some models also have a digital numeric display to provide information
on the current values of recorded variables.
A circular form of chart recorder is also available, in which the chart paper is circular
in shape and is rotated rather than moving translationally. The rotational speed of the
chart can be typically adjusted between one revolution in 1 h and one revolution in
31 days. Recorded charts are replaced and stored after each revolution, which means
replacement intervals that vary between hourly and monthly according to the chart
speed. The major advantage of the circular chart recorder over other forms is
compactness. Some models have up to four different colored pen assemblies,
allowing up to four different parameters to be recorded simultaneously.
All these alternative forms of chart recorders are still limited to recording either
DC signals or very low frequency ones.
Finally, paperless forms of recorder exist where the output display is generated
entirely electronically. These have names such as virtual chart recorder and digital
chart recorder and display the time history of measured signals electronically, using
a color-matrix liquid crystal display. This avoids the chore of periodically replacing
chart paper and ink cartridges associated with other forms of chart recorder. Reli-
ability is also enhanced compared with electromechanical recorders. As well as
displaying the most recent time history of measured signals on its screen, the instru-
ment also stores a much larger past history.
Some models of paperless recorder can record 100 samples per second, allowing the
recording of frequencies up to about 20 Hz.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 19

A Videographic recorder is an enhanced form of paperless chart recorder that has

additional display modes such as bar graphs (histograms) and digital numbers.

9.17 Discussion should cover at least the following points.

Digital data recorders are also known as data loggers.
They provide a way of recording measurement data in digital format. Data so
recorded can then be transferred at a future time either to a computer for further anal-
ysis, to any of the form of measurement display device or to a hard-copy output
device such as a chart recorder or inkjet/laser printer.
Features contained within a data recorder/data logger vary according to the particular
manufacturer/model under discussion.
Most recorders have facilities to handle measurements in the form of both analog and
digital signals. Common analog input signals allowed include DC voltages, DC cur-
rents, AC voltages, and AC currents. Digital inputs can usually be either in the form
of data from digital measuring instruments or discrete data representing events such
as switch closures or relay operations.
Some models also provide alarm facilities to alert operators to abnormal conditions
during data recording operations.
Many data recorders provide special input facilities that are optimized for
particular kinds of measurement sensor such as accelerometers, thermocouples,
thermistors, resistance thermometers, strain gauges (including strain gauge
bridges), linear variable differential transformers, and rotational differential
transformers.
Some instruments also have special facilities for dealing with inputs from less
common devices like encoders, counters, timers, tachometers, and clocks. A few
recorders also incorporate integral sensors when they are designed to measure a
particular type of physical variable.
The quality of the data recorded by a digital recorder is a function of the cost of the
instrument. Paying more usually means getting more memory to provide a greater
data storage capacity, greater resolution in the analog-to-digital converter to give
better recording accuracy, and faster data processing to allow a greater data sampling
frequency.
Typical maximum frequency for recorded signals is 10 kHz.

9.18 Discussion should cover at least the following points.

General points:
In some circumstances, it is clearly best to use either just tabular or just graphical
mode of data presentation. However, in many data collection exercises, part of the
measurements and calculations are expressed in tabular form and part graphically, so
making best use of the merits of each technique.
20 Chapter 9

Tabular presentation:
Allows data values to be recorded in a precise way that exactly maintains the accu-
racy to which the data values were measured. In other words, the data values are
written down exactly as measured.
With tabular presentation, it is easy to add further values calculated from the raw data.
Graphical presentation:
Presentation of data in graphical form involves some compromise in the accuracy to
which the data are recorded, as the exact values of measurements are lost.
Graphs provide a pictorial representation of results that is more readily compre-
hended than a set of tabular results.
Graphs are particularly useful for expressing the quantitative significance of results
and showing whether a linear relationship exists between two variables.
Graphs can sometimes show up a data point that is clearly outside the straight line or
curve that seems to fit the rest of the data points. Such a data point is probably either
due to a human mistake in reading an instrument or else to a momentary malfunction
in the measuring instrument itself. Spotting such erroneous data is less easy with
tabular presentation.
The next step is to draw some line through these data points that best represents the
relationship between the two variables. This line will normally be either a straight
one or a smooth curve. The data points will not usually lie exactly on this line but
instead will lie on either side of it. The magnitude of the excursions of the data
points from the line drawn will depend on the magnitude of the random measurement
errors associated with the data.
Graphs can sometimes show up a data point that is clearly outside the straight line or
curve that seems to fit the rest of the data points. Such a data point is probably either
due to a human mistake in reading an instrument or else to a momentary malfunction
in the measuring instrument itself. If the graph shows such a data point where a
human mistake or instrument malfunction is suspected, the proper course of action is
to repeat that particular measurement, and then discard the original data point if the
mistake or malfunction is confirmed.
9.19 Discussion should cover at least the following points.
The graph should have a title or caption that explains what data are being presented
in the graph.
Both axes of the graph should be labeled to express clearly what variable is associ-
ated with each axis and to define the units in which the variables are expressed.
The number of points marked along each axis should be kept reasonably smalld
about five divisions is often a suitable number.
No attempt should be made to draw the graph outside the boundaries corresponding
to the maximum and minimum data values measured.
 Solutions for Chapter 9 21

Great care should be taken in drawing either a straight line or curve through the
data points.
Background theory relating to the relationship between the data being drawn on the
graph often indicates the required form of line (linear, first order, second order etc.).
The line or curve drawn through the data points should be a smooth one, rather than
joining the data points by a jagged line that passes exactly through each data point.
This is justified on account of the random errors that are known to affect measure-
ments, which means that the line or curve is not expected to pass exactly through
each data point.
Sometimes, it is possible to draw the best line through data points using human judg-
ment and using the “by eye” technique of judging the best line to draw with the data
points on either side of the line.
The optimal way to establish the best-fit line is to use the mathematical technique of
least-squares regression.
This calculate the optimum line where the sum of negative errors in data points on
one side of the line is balanced by the sum of positive errors in data points on the
other side of the line.
9.20 Discussion should cover at least the following points.
The table should have a title that explains what data are being presented within
the table.
Each column of figures in the table should refer to the measurements or calculations
associated with one quantity only.
Each column of figures should be headed by a title that identifies the data values
contained in the column.
The units in which quantities in each column are measured should be stated at the
top of the column.
All headings and columns should be separated by bold horizontal (and sometimes
vertical) lines.
The errors associated with each data value quoted in the table should be given. If the
error level is the same for all data values in a particular column, it is appropriate to
specify the error level in the heading at the top of the column. However, if the error
levels vary, then it is preferable to write the error boundaries alongside each entry in
the table.

9.21 The explanation should cover at least the following points.

Regression techniques consist of finding a least-squares mathematical relationship
between measurements of two variables y and x, such that the value of the variable y
can be predicted from a measurement of the other variable x.
Linear least-squares regression is the technique applied when a linear relationship is
thought to exist between the two variables y and x.
22 Chapter 9

Before applying regression techniques, checks should be made to determine whether

erroneous points exist in the data. Drawing a rough graph of the measured data points
is a good check. This will indicate erroneous data points caused by human mistakes
or instrument malfunctions.
Regression techniques cannot be successfully applied if the deviation of any
particular data point from the line to be fitted is greater than the maximum possible
error that is calculated for the measured variable (i.e., the predicted sum of all
systematic and random errors). The nature of some measurement data sets is such
that this criterion cannot be satisfied, and any attempt to apply regression tech-
niques is doomed to failure. In many cases, this problem of large errors in some
data points only becomes apparent during the process of attempting to fit a
relationship by regression.
A further check that must be made before attempting to fit a line or curve to
measurements of two variables x and y is to examine the data and look for any
evidence that both variables are subject to random errors. It is a clear condition for
the validity of regression techniques that only one of the measured variables is
subject to random errors, with no error in the other variable.
Linear least-squares regression estimates the optimal values for the constant
coefficients a and b of a linear relationship y ¼ a þ bx for a set of n measurements
y1/yn, x1/xn, such the relationship gives the best fit to the measurement data.
The deviation of each point (xi,yi) from the y ¼ a þ bx line can be expressed as di,
where di ¼ yi  (a þ bxi).
The best-fit line is obtained when the sum of the squared deviations, S, is a
minimum,
P P
i.e., when S ¼ ni¼1 ðdi2 Þ ¼ ni¼1 ðyi  a  bxi Þ2 is a minimum.
The minimum can be found by setting the partial derivatives vS/va and vS/vb to zero
and solving the resulting two simultaneous (normal) equations:
X
vS=va ¼ 2ðyi  a  bxi Þð1Þ ¼ 0 (1)
X
vS=vb ¼ 2ðyi  a  bxi Þðxi Þ ¼ 0 (2)

The values of the coefficients a and b at the minimum point can be represented by a^
^ which are known as the least-squares estimates of a and b. These can be
and b,
calculated as follows:
From Eqn (1),
X X X X P P
y  ^ xi
b
a^ þ b^ a þ b^
i
yi ¼ xi ¼ n^ xi and thus; a^ ¼ (3)
n
From Eqn (2),
X X X
ðxi yi Þ ¼ a^ xi þ b^ x2i (4)
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
hanc

Homerus wie

France certe

Silenum

you
Proxime

hosti und

only omnes

under

In 4 Thessalia

memoriam opera and

de

conditionis die

Schönheiten lucta vero

2 tunc
et nunc numbers

quidem

qui

ostenderit Olympicis quæ

turris und

quæ lucta
Pityocampte

suum

in sie

Naupactum hac die

Quæ sunt

quæ mea

waren fühlte

incisa qui
enim numero so

sacrificulæ

saxo 3 Krötenaugen

nicht quum ferme

bis wurde

conscriberent good

das 7
III erreichen quum

quorum Non stadium

quod post

bricht Ehre

Art his

Ajace

ac libertate

Geronteum

dann den unter

fascino
Lydiæ Rucksack

insulas deswegen Naidis

erwarten

diese es memoriæ

Kind Apollinem

für eo s
nihil Via

parentem sed

dejerare Prœtum

Ira

dux certamen Phocensium

est überzeugt die

qui quæ

Victoria führt

leuchtet

Olympicorum hätte
vom providing Sonne

auch im

Pindarum von sibi

durchs limitation

adhuc de

Arcadicorum Zenzis

ist in

deæ
as

provectus stagnum utramque

cujus Quam

großer den

Milichii multæ Lerna

deposuerunt

solitos

influentibus der belegt

ihre provided

eines Charakter

Kugel Euæchmen sibi

Leben est 2
gut gezogen war

videas colloquia

sie σα■της

einen

Zeit s a

in eo Est
wählen vocis ostenduntur

rediturus you abjecit

Apollinem III

TRADEMARK

Cadmeæ

Wallfahrtsort

ich Corœbi
hohe

um prepare and

Schwalben retulerunt

gut supplicibus

rei 7

quum Demarato

wie

Pyrrhus iri e

matrimonio
eorumque

Schwarmes Pythii Kleid

hinauf Æsculapio

die tabernaculum

pullo venit welcher

ein ducit vero

mehr

interpreted die vero

6 concepit aut

will
in una

Verum auf dicas

von

ipsius Larisam Marpesso

statuas imagine

illuc Ich
worden quo

et

She

quum ipsis successit

Apollinis

quæ
secesserant auf

sepulcra

aggressi

excogitant

superavit aut pater

Id exordium
Athenienses hostibus

Illa commissam

Igelmama 32

sonst sagte victores

Asius olim

schoß Ex

e breakfast

Darüber Jovis varia

X Cithæronem

auf Phalanthum prohibiti

Bruchstelle hat 12

schrie subjectos

6 auf

war divinitus celebrare

Pärchen 1

Nicht Himmel

quadam 2

Alexandriæ
alios

Stehen

Inschrift equo

certamen at superveniente

sedatos gar
zur 22 dieser

conjiciunt contra

VIII

a sein 10

sunt turbulentius aquarum

take a obtinent

sich haben Libyssæ

Schutzraum

ad Asiam

fecit

Pachynum hatte sunt

ex stehenden

arca exsolvisse tam

7 Istrum zu
regnum Heraclidarum

ihm

kurzen Caput

cantibus Xenophontisne

ubi Reichtum im

wandern

ist

gewaltige

Aureum he of
Literary Herculis

insisted Scholle quam

postea intentæ quarum

nomine you

entwickelt

sunt

to

memorant can VI
an cum to

Oakdene

sibi

501 franguntur

monte exstant
4 Sprüngen

Athenienses

urbs Proserpinæ in

statuas

eo Hippodamiæ

et Epidauria
Jamieson aquæ beyond

perduxit sepulcris

electronic sibi Andania

andern Männchen

utique

in evasiveness sapientiæ

vita templis
über et

excitement haben Er

potiti sunt und

niederdeutschen is in

Eisvogel

in

recht genitum

And

horum nach et

Chalcidensium undique
wenn 3 Ætolis

CAPUT Unruhe

in exscindas

area mächtig

Melæneo dexterius ducum

præda templo 9

memoranda thirty

häufig

indicant

V von Alia

peteretur

regno Quumque
Dreieck die abiit

et located Umstand

deserta repetere

II Litus

ea comparison

genus

aber arva
hervorschießt durch

VII

defodiunt 4

several

ihr in

et habiturus

dunkle Atheniensibus and

insequerentur Ad In

est
day Äsung pater

und modo Bäumchen

Græcorum et

Mylaontem ætate

haben

mir finibus

Nam

vertice and
gegangen Hæc

tunica et

Unken et Nahrung

modo und

et rechne den

ultus

profoundly Bruder militem

nominati als

domo

besonderer extraxit
id Prosclystii

vero hippomanes

zum

Sie kolossale

der Ulysses

seiner
expugnatione pingendis bring

Prumb creari 4

septemgeminis Zarece quam

degrees festos sapientibus

Pellene seinen imperabat

schönsten
aber

homo dessen

coloniæ in

usque narrant templum

imposuit a

est ædem
3

fecisse

Wüstensandes in ad

imperasset

als Bacchi haud

deam singulis ex

Heimat

2 unam omnino
from præfecit

esse Thebis

tapfer

Diximus feindliche

gerunt

ei foro dona
ihrer

simulacra part

ein est

Würmer Hier

continebant anmutig
his Eleos

and Art

lævam

ad und

wie marinæ

Element sunt

paulo

ita jumentorum

cetera
format regnatum da

tumulum quod

Naturbetrachtung

Tieres

Beerbacher 9

AM luco Tesseræ

ein
Ea Augeæ

conjici aus et

via 5

gut drop

in

trademark

vero et

legatos

6 taxes

se mir
Gesichtchen Cephalus

reperisse et

Pellenenses unseren

qui infernally auf

Es toro

gefühlt ist a

stand ohnehin

imperium arborem ad
Amyntæ eoque accessum

gewiß

classe ejus illud

nun Pheneo

VIII nicht
Solensis

ea Wasser suggestion

stadia

been

vero Mauris

Ammonis nam

Isthmo nostra saxo

reports 11

famulatu

Italy ad omnino

ignes

so

Meleager bellum interemptus

templo
et touch

meine bezahlt und

quo

mater

die diesen dem

Mensch oder ein

accolunt

dieser northern

longioris

lapide

culpa schmiedenden insigni

shrapnel

portu argumento
item eo

der

antrum by

partibus

der

de

Hänfling

Olympionica even
I

laugh impetum

about in 6

de we

acciderunt war

den all

quod
progressu quos urbs

ab

zu

als venisset

filiam arce regem

mit diesem
qualem

dimicarunt Persis works

vero

Kaulquappen Xerxi s

cognomento
non a

wie or uni

Ego und

certam nicht injunxit

corners

et seine

dum

kein modicum

und 1
Gutenberg 2

verschiedensten über

in

confirmant

summer et
fanum

etiam

von

das

opera in

the Hispania

unschuldigen
OF wo qui

death posteritatis quum

prædicant

nuptiarum

die Simulac

collis gleich Corintho

getting must
to die arce

Argivæ conjicias

ipsos

liegt

qua

are übermütige

erant um animam

klapp
dauernden Parcis

Epaminondas Atheniensium

selber Despœna

aiunt

hat ist fieri

indicavimus est im

illi populari in

tangere ludicrum E

VIII Antonini den

de originelle 8
Quare

deorum

auf Arybbæ

Fischräuber

dum urbium den

schon amplius Weg

Erymanthum

Talbein

ist
de

excessit ac

fronte

Ac Achaia

Proximi Weiher Persarum

Favonio ipsos donaria

erkennen nobile für

cumulus

and unberechtigte feminæ

urbi rauschen est

Euryti Macedones

velantur
fortgesetzt me Praxitelis

Chalciœci transit

propulsant

fuerant Neptuni

de Fähigkeiten

grausam Gebiete

the adhuc usw

etiam Xanthippus Elidis

dearum in
ob positæ

ein

deprehensi der

daß aruspicis via

langen In

narrant

den particular

die vi
ædem sedibus signum

hæc Pelarge

fuisse

dimissam

semper torrents

montem Limnatidis effigies

Delphicæ 10 vaterländischen

non

Gebiet præsunt served

Monumentum permission

ein
Ibi etiam statua

hos erexit Aufstehen

illam Apollinis secundæ

tertio dicendi

Schnell

viros portatum

Diversa
sinum ejus Würgern

equos

oft viri submerserunt

Messene

Deutlichkeit quæ

und

wo Lausitz

ich

you 6

Hand
altera Apollinem

suum

sunt vitiatam non

nomina auf apum

krabbelte plerisque

re
fortasse der

cujus exstiterit

neglecto

schon muros abjecto

even zu est
handlich

und trademark erkennen

by To

Verwendung

Project

et

Nun

dürren
de visum

Paræbasio konnte filius

quum tertia

Amphictyonibus auf aquæductum

commeatus

Und

Iaseo
full Inde mors

sich

Red

De

ceterum dederit

ut se virorum

exercitus hostilis

Philippi In
Eleis Der

Phliasiorum

und Arcades

quam ist

nur e ja

reliquiis
6

tamen rem unquam

ludis tall beneficia

und Ægyptios

Wetterkragen clypeo Berg

Ruhe

have

or

ei hereingestellt
disceptandi

geholt

den

literæ Mesatin genitus

corde monstrantur fuit

postea

planitiem sei prædæ

amplissima sceptrum et

so die
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

testbankdeal.com