ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY
‘Name of the student’

GRADE 12-A

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. THISHOK KARAN S
PGT-PHYSICS
Subbiah Central School
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ‘Name of the student’ of XII A has done the physics
project entitled "ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION" herself and under my
guidance during the year 2024-25 in partial fulfilment of Physics practical
examination.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Vice Principal Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PrimariIy I would like to thank the almighty for being able to complete the
project with success.

Then I would like to express my special gratitude to my physics teacher

"Mr.THISHOK PGT Physics" who guided me and served as the major
contributor towards the completion of this project.

I extend my gratitude towards our Principal "Mr.AROCKIA JERALD" and to

our Vice Principal "Mrs.SUJITHA" for extending their support towards me.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and guidance had been helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project.
 CONTENT

* AIM

* INTRODUCTION

* PRINCIPLE

* TYPES OF INDUCTION

* THEORY

* LENZ’S LAW

* FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

* PROCEDURE

* OBSERVATIONS

* RESULT

* APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

* CONCLUSION

* BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM

To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

 INTRODUCTION

Electro magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.

Induction:

This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in

a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic induction:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (voltage)

across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecule

in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in radio transmitter).

Finally, it refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the

magnetic flux linking a conductor changes.

Magnetic flux is defined as the product of the magnetic field density and the
area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar
quantity and its S.I. unit is Weber.
 PRINCIPLE

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a

conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving
through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage
across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn,
causes an electrical current to induce.
 TYPES OF INDUCTION

MUTUAL INDUCTION:

Mutual inductance refers to a coil property that influences or changes the

current and voltage in a secondary coil. According to the principle of mutual
induction, the current flowing through a conductor generates a magnetic field,
and a changing magnetic field induces a current in another conductor.

PRINCIPLE:

When two coils are placed next to each other, and current passes through
one coil, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the other coil. The coil
that produces the current is called the primary coil, and the coil that
experiences the induced EMF is called the secondary coil.
SELF INDUCTION:

Self-induction is a phenomenon that occurs when a varying current in a

circuit produces an electromotive force (emf). In other words, when the
current in a coil changes, the magnetic flux linked with the coil also changes,
which induces an emf in the coil.

PRINCIPLE:

Coil resists changes in current by inducing an electromotive force (EMF)

within itself. This is described by Lenz's Law, which states that the induced
current opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it.
 THEORY

INVENTION:

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831

though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832. Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did
not publish his findings until later.

INDUCED EMF:

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an EMF, will be generated in the
coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be
generated either by.

✓ Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by

✓ Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way.

Note that the EMF is only produced while the flux is changing.
 LENZ’S LAW

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to

Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it.
 FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments and based on

the results he gave law on induction.

He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Induction

means to induce or to generate something. Electromagnetic Induction means
production of electric current due to magnetic field.

Magnetic field is capable of producing Current in a conductor Faraday took a

coil and attached a galvanometer to it.

As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of current.

He brought the magnet near the coil.

When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer showed deflection.

Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite direction

when the magnet is taken away from the coil. Magnet was not moved
there was no deflection in the galvanometer. This show current is
related to magnet.

Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the

galvanometer. This showed more and more Current flows if the magnet is
moved very fast. Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the
magnet was not moved.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Magnetic bar

• A galvanometer

• Coil

• Connecting wires
 PROCEDURE

* Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.

* Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.

* Take a Strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil and observe
the changes in the galvanometer needle.

* Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.

* Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number of turns and
the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
 OBSERVATIONS

* When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of galvanometer
gets deflected in different directions.

* When we insert the North pole (N) Of bar magnet into the coil, the deflection
is towards right.

* When we insert the South pole (S) Of bar magnet into the coil, the deflection
is towards left.

* When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying speed. The
speed of deflection changes accordingly.

* As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection increases.

* Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current in the coil.
 RESULT

1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of current in

the coil.

2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.

3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is induced.

4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in number of turns

in the coil - more the number of turns in the coil greater is the deflection.
 APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1) ELECTRIC GENERATOR:

The EMI generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement of

a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.
2) ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMERS:

The EMI predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical

transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes. The
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach
of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a
change in its coupled magnetic flux.

Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the

induced EMI or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected
through an electrical load, the current will flow.
 CONCLUSION

From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is relative

motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil
changes and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia
www.toppr.com
www.britanica.com
www.knowledgecycle.com
Class 12 Ncert