Chemical Reaction and Equation

CHEMICAL REACTION
Chemical Reaction: The processes, in which a ➙ Chemical reactions can be made more concise
substance or substances undergo a chemical and useful using chemical formula instead of words.
change to produce new substance or substances,
with entire new properties,are known as chemical Example:
reactions. Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
➙ The nature and identity of products totally Can be written as:
different from the reactants. Mg + O2 → MgO

Characteristics of Chemical reactions: ➙ The number of atom on both the reactant and
●​ Change in State product side should be same called as a balanced
●​ Change in Colour Chemical Equation.
●​ Evolution of Gas ➙ An unbalanced Chemical Equation is called as
●​ Change in Temperature Skeletal Equation.

CHEMICAL EQUATION Balancing a Chemical

Chemical Equation: A chemical equation Equation
representation of a chemical reaction in the form of
symbols and formulae.. Need of balancing a Chemical Equation

Example: According to Law of Conservation of mass matter is

The word equation for the following reaction: neither created nor destroyed.
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide Thus:
The number if atom of each element remains
wherein: the same before and after the reaction
●​ The reactant entities are given on the
left-hand side T Example:
●​ The product entities on the right-hand side.
●​ ( + ) sign signifies re reactant involved in Zinc + Sulfuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
the reaction
●​ ( → ) sign signifies the direction of To simplify the process further different symbols and
reaction. formulas are used such as:

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Writing a Chemical Equation
➙ Here we can see that the number of reactant
➙ A chemical equation represents a chemical atom that takes part in a chemical reaction is equal
Reaction. to the number of atom the the product side.

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Chemical Reaction and Equation

Steps in balancing a Chemical

CaO(s) + H2O(l). → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat
Equation
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)

To balance a chemical equation, follow these (ii). Burning of coal

simple steps:
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2 (g)
1. Write the equation: Start with the unbalanced (ii) Formation of water from H2 (g) and O2 (g)
equation. For example, consider the reaction of 2H2 (g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
hydrogen and oxygen to form water:
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O.
➙ Note: Combination Reaction are generally
exothermic reaction.
2. Count atoms: Look at how many atoms of each
Now what the term exothermic reaction is ?
element are on both sides.
When a chemical reaction takes place, heat is
- Left: 2 H (in H₂), 2 O (in O₂).
either absorbed or evolved. Thus on this basis
- Right: 2 H (in H₂O), 1 O (in H₂O).
chemical reaction are classified into:

3. Adjust coefficients: To balance the oxygen, put

a coefficient of 2 in front of H₂O:
H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O. Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

4. Re-count atoms: Now check the counts again. ➣ endothermic reactions ➣ An exothermic reaction
absorb energy from the releases energy into the
- Left: 2 H, 2 O. surrounding that is in the surrounding of the system.
- Right: 4 H (from 2 H₂O), 2 O. form of heat.

5. Balance hydrogen: To balance hydrogen, put a Example: Example:

(i). Burning of natural gas CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +
coefficient of 2 in front of H₂: CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) → Heat
2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O. CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)
6. Write the Symbol for physical state of of the
reaction and product
2 H2 (g)+ O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
6. Final check:
- Left: 4 H, 2 O.
- Right: 4 H, 2 O. (2). Decomposition Reaction
Decomposition Reaction:a chemical reaction in
Now both sides match! The balanced equation is: which one reactant breaks down into two or more
2 H₂ (g)+ O₂ (g)→ 2 H₂O (l) products is called a Decomposition Reaction.
➙ Any reactant substance decomposed by the
action of heat or by the application of electricity.
TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
Examples of Decomposition Reaction
●​ Combination Reaction
●​ Decomposition Reaction (i). Decomposition of Ferrous sulphate:
●​ Displacement Reaction Heat
2FeSO4(s) ———→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
●​ Double Displacement Reaction (Ferrous sulphate) (Ferric Oxide)
●​ Oxidation and Reduction
(ii). Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate:
Heat
(1). Combination Reaction CaCO3(s) ———→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(Calcium Carbonate). (Calcium Oxide)
Combination Reaction: a reaction in which a
single product is formed from two or more reactants ➙Calcium Carbonate is known as limestore
is known as a combination reaction. whereas Calcium Oxide is also known as Quick
lime.
Examples: ➙ Uses of quick lime:
(i). Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to ●​ Used in manufacturing of cement.
produce slaked lime(calcium hydroxide) releasing a ●​ Help in producing pure iron and steel.
large amount of heat. ●​ Preparation of bleaching powder.

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Chemical Reaction and Equation

➙ Decomposition in the presence of heat is known

(4). Double Displacement
as Thermal Decomposition. Reaction
Example: Decomposition Reaction of Lead Nitrate
Double Displacement Reaction:those in which
Heat
2Pb(NO3)2(s) ———→ Heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) two chemical substances react by exchanging ions
(Lead Nitrate) (Lead Oxide) (Nitrogen dioxide) (Oxygen) to produce two new molecules are called Double
➙ Some decomposition reaction takes place in Displacement Reaction.
presence of light known as Photolytic
Decomposition Reaction. Example:
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Examples: (Sodium (Barium (Barium (Sodium
(i). Reaction of Silver Chloride sulphate) sulphate) sulphate) sulphate)
Sunlight
2AgCl(s) ———→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) ➙ white precipitate of BaSO4 is formed by there
action of SO42- and Ba2+.
(ii). Reaction of Silver Bromide Precipitate: the insoluble substance produced in a
Sunlight reaction is known as precipitate
2AgBr(s) ———→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
➙ A reaction in which precipitate is formed is called
Precipitate Reaction.
➙ The above reactions are used in black and white
photography.
➙ As we know that all these decomposition (5). Oxidation and Reduction Reaction
reaction takes place when is the application of
some form of energy thus it can be said that Oxidation: A Chemical reactions in which
decomposition reaction as Endothermic Reaction. substance gain oxygen or loose hydrogen is
called oxidation reaction
Reduction: A Chemical reaction in which
(3). Displacement Reaction substance loose oxygen or gain hydrogen is
called reduction.
Displacement Reaction: A chemical reaction in
which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element from its compound is called a Difference between Oxidation and
displacement reaction. Reduction.
Examples:
Oxidation Reduction

(i). Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) ➣ Loss of electron Gain of electron

(Copper Sulphate) ( Iron Sulphate)
takes place. takes place.
In this reaction, iron has displaced copper, from
copper sulphate solution. ➣ Addition of Oxygen Removal of Oxygen
➙ If we take an iron nail and dip it into a solution of occurs. occurs
blue coloured Copper Sulphate the iron nail become
➣ Removal of Addition of hydrogen
brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper
hydrogen occurs. occurs.
sulphate solution fades
➣ Example: Example:
➙C + O2 → CO2 ➙CO2 + H2 → CO +H2O
➙H2S + Cl2 → S +2HCl

Examples of Oxidation and Reduction

Reaction:

(ii). Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(Copper Sulphate) (Zinc Sulphate)

(iii). Pb(s) + CuCl (aq) → PbCl2(aq)

2 + Cu(s)
(Copper Sulphate) (Lead Sulphate) ➙ In the above reaction
●​ H2S is Oxidised to S.
➙ Zinc and lead are more reactive elements than ●​ Cl2 is reduced to 2HCl.
copper. They displace copper from its compounds
Heat

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Chemical Reaction and Equation

(i). 2Cu + O2 ———→ 2CuO ●​ Coating the metal surfaces with

Heat
paint,oil,grease or non corrosive
(ii). CuO +H2 ———→ Cu+H O
metal.
(iv). ZnO + C → Zn + CO
➙ carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to
Zn.
Rancidity
Rancidity: When fats and oils stay in open for long,
(v). MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2HCl + Cl2 they get oxidized and become rancid (old and
➙ HCl is oxidised to Cl2 whereas MnO2 is reduced stale), and their smell and taste change. This
to MnCl2.. process is known as rancidity.

EFFECTS OF OXIDATION Prevention of Rancidity

REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE? ●​ substances which prevent oxidation
(antioxidants) are added to foods
containing fats and oil.
Corrosion ●​ Keeping food in air tight containers helps
to slow down oxidation.
Corrosion: the process of slowly eating up metals
by gas and water vapours present in the
➙ chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips
atmosphere due to the formation of certain
with gas such as nitrogen to prevent the chips from
compounds like oxide, sulphides, carbonate, etc.
getting oxidised

Examples of corrosion
●​ Rusting of iron.
●​ Black coating on silver.
●​ Gleen coating on cupper.

Problem Due to Corrosion

●​ Corrosion causes damage to car

bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships
and to all objects made of metals,
specially those of iron. Corrosion of
iron is a serious problem. Every
year an enormous amount of
money is spent to replace
damaged iron.

How Corrosion can be prevented

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