A
Presentation
on
BASIC
HYDRAULICS
by
KOTHA VENKATESH
Contents
Fundamentals
Pumps
Control Valves
Accumulators
Filters
Hydraulic Symbols
Advantages of
Hydraulic System
Economical
Unaffected by load variation
Low weight to the power ratio
Provides direct rotary and linear motions.
Smooth, flexible, uniform action without
vibration
Eliminates the need for complicated
systems of like Gears, Cams, Levers
Limitations
System is sensitive to contamination.
Leakage reduces the efficiency.
Strong pipes and components are
required.
PASCAL LAW
It states that pressure
exerted anywhere in a
confined incompressible
fluid is transmitted equally
in
all
directions
throughout the fluid such
that the pressure ratio
(initial difference) remains
the same. Ex: Hydraulic
press, Hydraulic jack etc.,
Power Transmission
The relationship between
pressure, force and
area is given by
P=F/A
This fact can be used
to lift greater weights
with lesser forces as
shown in the figure.
Main Hydraulic
Components
Tank Unit
Pumps
Control Valves
Directional Control Valves
Pressure Control Valves
Flow Control Valves
Miscellaneous items
End application (Cylinders & Motors)
Tank Unit
Holds enough fluid to supply
a hydraulic system's varying
demand.
Transfer heat from the fluid
to the surrounding
environment.
Allow contaminants to settle
and entrained air to escape.
Provides access to remove
used fluid and contaminants
from the system and to add
new fluid
Hydraulic Pump
A hydraulic pump converts
mechanical energy and motion into
hydraulic energy
Hydraulic Pump never develops
pressure but it only displaces the
fluid ie gives flow.
Pressure is the result of resistance
to fluid flow.
Pump Types
Positive Displacement
Pumps
Non-Positive Displacement
Pumps
Non-Positive
Displacement Pumps
Continuous discharge.
No separation between inlet and
outlet
Output vary as the system pressure
changes.
On closing the outlet, pressure
increases to certain maximum value
and pump churns the fluid thus
generates heat.
Positive Displacement
Pumps
Intermittent Discharge.
Input and output are separated.
Output remains constant ,irrespective
of system pressure.
Delivers definite volume of fluid for
each cycle of pump operation.
Positive displacement pumps are
classified as fixed displacement
pumps or variable displacement
pumps.
Hydraulic Pumps
HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
PUMPS
PUMPS
GEAR
GEAR
EXTERNAL
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
VANE
VANE
FIXED
FIXED
VARIABLE
VARIABLE
PISTON
PISTON
FIXED
FIXED
VARIABLE
VARIABLE
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
BENT
BENT AXIS
AXIS
BENT
BENT AXIS
AXIS
RADIAL
RADIAL
Gear Pumps
Fixed displacement
pumps.
Inexpensive
Suitable for
pressure upto
3000psi.
Suitable up to 300
cSt viscosity range.
Vane Pumps
Delivers a steady flow.
Operate at a normal
viscosity range between
14 and 160 cSt at
operating temperature.
Vane pumps may not be
suitable in critical highpressure hydraulic
systems where
contamination and fluid
quality are difficult to
control.
Piston Pumps
The most versatile and
rugged pumps.
Piston pumps can
operate at pressures
beyond 6000 psi,
Highly efficient and
produce comparatively
little noise.
Piston pumps operate
at a normal fluid
viscosity range of 10 to
160 cSt
Sensitive to
contamination.
Valves
Valve is a device which control
hydraulic energy in terms of
amplitude & direction.
Accordingly valves are divided into
following category:
Pressure Control Valve
Direction Control Valve
Flow Control Valve
Pressure Control Valves
Pressure Relief Valve
Pressure Reducing Valve
Pressure Sequence Valve
Counter balance Valve
Directional Control
Valves
Directional control valves are of
large varities.
As their name implies, they are
used to change the direction of flow
or actuator motion.
Directional control valves are hand
operated, solenoid operated, pilot
operated and so on.
They are globally standardised in
sizes.
DC Valve Manual
Actuation
General
Push Button
Lever
Paddle
DC Valve Mechanical
Actuation
Push Pin
Spring
Roller
Idler
DC Valve ElectroMagnetic Actuation
Solenoid
Motor
3/2 DC Valve
4/2 DC Valve
4/3 DC Valve
Flow Control Valves
Flow control valves are used primarily
to control the speed of Actuator like
Hydraulic cylinder or motor.
They are classified as --
Pressure compensated flow controls.
Non-Pr. Compensated flow control valves.
Depending on the end application, the
position in the circuit is decided.
Flow Control Valve
Position of flow control valve
determines the circuit as
Meter in circuit
Meterout circuit
Flow control valves can have a
reverse free flow bypass check
valve.
Flow Control Valve
Flow Synchronization
For
synchronization
operation, we will
use flow dividers.
Flow Divider
Accumulators
Accumulators usually are installed in
hydraulic systems to:
store energy
reduce pump size
cushion hydraulic hammer
Holds system under pressure (w/out
contin. pump)
Provides hydraulics when pump off/lost
Compensates for leakage/makeup volume
Types of Accumulators
Piston Accumulator
Bladder Accumulator
Diaphragm Accumulator
Accumulator Mounting
Position
In general accumulator is mounted in
vertical position with the hydraulic port
down.
Horizontal mounting can result in
uneven or accelerated bladder wear if
solid contaminants are present or
expected in significant amounts.
Advantages
Convenient power transfer
Flexibility
Few moving parts
Low losses over long distances
Little wear
Distribute force in multiple directions
Safe and reliable for many uses
Can be stored under pressure for long
periods
Variable speed control
Quick response (linear and rotary)
Disadvantages
Requires positive confinement (to
give shape)
Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or
ruptures
Filtration critical - must be free of
debris
Manpower intensive to clean up
Important Properties of
Hydraulic oil
Shapelessness
Incompressibility
Liquids have no neutral form
Conform to shape of container
Easily transferred through piping from one
location to another
Liquids are essentially incompressible
Once force is removed, liquid returns to
original volume (no permanent distortion)
Transmission of Force
Force is transmitted equally & undiminished
in every direction -> vessel filled with
pressure
Contaminants
Contaminants of hydraulic fluid are
broadly defined as any substance that
impairs the proper functioning of the
fluid.
Contaminants are classified as
Solids
Liquids
Gaseous
Bacteria
Contanminants
Presence of contaminants, at elevated
temperatures and flow can lead to
further chemical and physical
degradation of oils and lubricants.
Elevated temperatures accelerate the
breakdown of the oil. High flow can
lead to electrostatic discharge, also
accelerating the degradation of the oil.
Contaminants
Human error is the only(90 %) reason
for contamination problem in
hydraulic systems which allows dust
and contaminant ingress.
Common mistakes
failure to close filler caps,
improper storage of lubricants,
failing to filter oil prior to top up,
poor or missing breathers, etc.
Filter
Filter is a device which removes
solid contaminants from the fluid.
Filter and Strainer the two terms
commonly used.
Filter Vs Strainer
If the screening device is able to
remove contaminant:
not visible to the naked eye, the unit
is filter
and
if the particle is visible, the unit is
strainer.
Filter Types & Locations
SUCTION FILTERS
RETURN FILTERS
PRESSURE FILTERS
By-Pass FILTERS
OFF-LINE FILTRATION
Hydraulic Symbols
THANK YOU
Questions
?
