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Understanding Governors in Engine Control

This is a presentation the use of governors or actuators to modulate and control reciprocating engine speed.

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Charlzandy

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

212 views41 pages

Understanding Governors in Engine Control

This is a presentation the use of governors or actuators to modulate and control reciprocating engine speed.

Uploaded by

Charlzandy

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Governor Definition: Provides an explanation of governors, discussing their role in controlling machine speed and function.
Governor Applications: Lists various applications of governors across industries such as power generation and aeronautics.
Governor Manufacturers: Enumerates key manufacturers producing governors worldwide.
Governor Terms: Defines specific terms related to governor mechanics and operations.
Governor Operation: Explains the operational differences and characteristics between droop and isochronous modes.
Electric Set Governors: Discusses different types of electric set governors including mechanical and digital varieties.
Mechanical Governors: Illustrates the structure and working principles of mechanical governors with diagrams.
Electronic Governor: Describes the components and functionality of electronic governors.
Digital Governors: Covers digital governor technologies including features and modern trends.
Hydra-Electric Actuators: Details various hydra-electric actuators for use in control systems.
Engine R.P.M. vs. Generator Hz.: Explains the relationship and calculations between engine RPM and generator frequency.
Isochronous Load Control: Outlines control strategies for maintaining generator load balance in isochronous mode.
Woodward Load Controls: Reviews load control products and systems manufactured by Woodward.
PLC Load and System Control: Details the use of PLCs in managing load and system controls for governors.
Governor Load Sharing: Describes principles and calculations for effective load sharing among generators.
Non Analog PLC Load Control: Explains the workings of non-analog PLC systems in load control applications.
Analog PLC Load Control: Covers the specifics of analog PLC load sharing and control operations.
Component Arrangement: Illustrates how components are arranged within governor control systems.
Governor Accessories: Lists additional accessories used with governors to enhance their performance.
Automatic Synchronizer: Describes devices used for synchronizing multiple generators automatically.

MEANING OF GOVERNOR

According to Webster: A feedback

device providing control of a machine.

Controlling fuel to engine.

Engine driven generator set:

Controls speed / frequency.
Kw. load when paralleled to another
source.
GOVERNOR APPLICATIONS
Reciprocating Engines.
Electric Power Generation.
Marine Propulsion.
Locomotive Power.
Aircraft.
Automotive Industry.
Construction & Agricultural Equipment.
Turbines.
Steam, Gas, & Hydro Electric Power Generation.
Marine Propulsion.
Jet Aircraft.
GOVERNOR MANUFACTURERS
Woodward.

Barber Colman.

United Technologies - American Bosch.

Heinzmann.

Engine manufacturers.
GOVERNOR TERMS
Actuator: An engine mounted device that directly controls the
fuel supply to an engine, usually connected to a electric or
electronic control unit.
Ballhead backup: An actuator that includes a backup
mechanical ballhead governor that operates whenever the
electronic control unit malfunctions. See reverse acting.
Base load: A means of loading a genset to a fixed output
regardless of load swings.
Droop: An operating mode in which engine speed is decreased
proportional to load.
Fuel start limit: A means of limiting the fuel to the engine such
that exhaust emissions are minimized during starting and
accelerating to rated speed.
Gain and reset: Governor adjustments used for setting the
response of the engine.
High idle or rated speed: The normal running speed or rated
speed of an engine.
GOVERNOR TERMS
Isochronous: An operating mode in which engine speed is
constant and not effected by load.
Load gain: An adjustment on either a load share governor or
load sensor that is used for setting the load sharing point.
Load sharing: An operating mode in which the load is shared
proportionally among generators on a common bus bus.
Low idle: The slow speed setting of an engine.
Magnetic pickup: A device, usually mounted on the engine
flywheel for generating a signal thats frequency is
proportional to the speed of the engine.
Ramp time: The time required for an engine to accelerate from
low idle speed to rated speed.
Reverse acting: A governor in which the control action is
reversed or inverse, the actuator gives more fuel when signal
from the controller is decreased. See ballhead backup.
GOVERNOR OPERATION
Droop Isochronous
Load increase causes Load change does not
speed decrease (droop). cause speed or frequency
Genset base loading. change.
No load sharing. Base load ability.
More difficult to set-up. Load sharing ability.
Easier to set-up.
GOVERNOR OPERATION

ISOCHRONOUS MODE DROOP MODE

ELECTRIC SET GOVERNORS
Mechanical Electric / Electronic / Digital
Integral unit. Hydra / Electric Actuators
Isochronous / Droop. Isochronous / Droop
Non - Loadsharing. Loadsharing available.
More difficult to adjust. Easier to adjust.
No communications. Communications available.
MECHANICAL GOVERNOR
STATIONARY ROTATION
COLLAR
FLYWEIGHT

CENTRIFICAL FORCE

FUEL CONTROL
GRAVITY LINKAGE

MOVEABLE
COLLAR MORE FUEL

LESS FUEL
MECHANICAL GOVERNOR
FASTER

LESS FUEL
MECHANICAL GOVERNORS
WOODWARD PSG
PRESSURE COMPENSATED
WOODWARD UG-8

WOODWARD SG
SIMPLE GOVERNOR
ELECTRONIC GOVERNOR
MAGNETIC
PICK-UP
GAIN STABILITY
N
ELECTRONIC
GOVERNOR

FLYWHEEL

ACTUATOR

GEN. ENGINE

GENERATOR SET
MAGNETIC PICK-UP UNIT

LOW RELUCTANCE
GEAR POSITION

HIGH RELUCTANCE
GEAR POSITION
ELECTRONIC GOVERNOR
MAGNETIC
PICK-UP
GAIN STABILITY
N SLOWER
ELECTRONIC
SPEEDSIGNAL
SPEED SIGNAL GOVERNOR
FASTER

FLYWHEEL CONTROL W/ FEEDBACK

SUPPLY
SPEED SIGNAL
ACTUATOR

GEN. ENGINE POWER

BATTERY
SPEED SETTING
POTENTIOMETER
GENERATOR SET
ELECTRIC GOVERNORS

1724 GOVERNOR & ACTUATOR

PRO-ACT GOVERNOR & ACTUATOR

1. USED ON SMALLER GENSETS, LESS THAN 250 Kw.

2. CAN BE RETROFITTED WITH EXISTING GOVERNORS.
3. CAN BE USED WITH LOAD SHARE MODULE.
4. TYPICALLY HIGH CURRENT DRAW, SOME OVER 10 AMPS..
ELECTRONIC GOVERNORS
AMERICAN BOSCH
SPEED CONTROL

1. REQUIRES HYDRA-ELECTRIC ACTUATOR.

2. SPEED CONTROL CAN BE USED WITH
LOAD SHARE MODULES
3. MOST COMMONALLY USED.
4. TYPICALLY LOW CURRENT DRAW, LESS THAN 3 AMPS.

2301A LOAD SHARE

2301A SPEED CONTROL
DIGITAL GOVERNORS
701 PROCESSOR BASED

1. REQUIRES HYDRA-ELECTRIC ACTUATOR.

2. SOME HAVE BUILT-IN LOA D SHARE.
3. TYPICALLY LOW CURRENT DRAW,
LESS THAN 3 AMPS.
3. COMMUNICATIONS.
4. PRESENT TREND.

721 PROCESSOR BASED 723 PROCESSOR BASED

HYDRA-ELECTRIC ACTUATORS

Actuators for use with Electronic and Digital Control Units.

EGB-29P ACTUATOR
UG ACTUATOR EG-10P ACTUATOR W/ BALLHEAD BACK-UP
DIGITAL NON-ACTUATOR GOVERNOR
ENGINE R.P.M. vs. GENERATOR Hz.

2 Pole
60 Hz. = 3600 RPM.
50 Hz. = 3000 RPM.
4 Pole RPM X (NO. of POLES)
FREQUENCY (Hz.) =
60 Hz. = 1800 RPM. 120
50 Hz. = 1500 RPM.
FREQUENCY (Hz.) X 120
6 Pole RPM =
NO. of POLES
60 Hz. = 1200 RPM.
50 Hz. = 1000 RPM. FREQUENCY(Hz.) X 120
NO. of POLES =
RPM
8 Pole
60 Hz. = 900 RPM.
50 Hz. = 750 RPM.
ISOCHRONOUS LOAD CONTROL
Most common type of load control when genset is
operating in parallel with generator(s) or a utility.
Modes used:
Base load.
Import control.
Export control
Load share.
Combination of above.
Types of components:
Woodward devices
Programmable logic controller.
WOODWARD LOAD CONTROLS
Generator load control (GLC)
Base load control.
Manual soft loading.
Automatic Generator Load control (AGLC)
Base load control.
Soft loading or unloading a system load share point.
Adjustable rates 5 sec. To 5 min., separate rates for load and unload.
Adjustable unit trip relay.
Automatic Power Transfer and Load Control (APTL)
System load control for diverse array of generator control functions.
Zero power transfer with adjustable trip levels.
Digital & Master Synchronizer and Load Control (DSLC & MSLC),
Synchronizer, load share, and power factor controller.
System load control for diverse array of generator control functions.
Communications.
WOODWARD LOAD CONTROLS
GENERATOR LOADING CONTROL
PROCESS CONTROLLER

AUTOMATIC GENERATOR
LOADING CONTROL
WOODWARD LOAD CONTROLS
DIGITAL SYNCHRONIZER
AND LOAD CONTROL

AUTOMATIC POWER TRANSFER

AND LOAD CONTROL
PLC LOAD AND SYSTEM CONTROL
DIGITAL I/O FOR LOGIC AND CONTROL
FLEXIBILITY & EXPANDIBILITY

ANALOG OUTs FOR

GOVERNOR LOADING
COMMUNICATIONS
ANALOG INS FOR OIUs & FOR SCADA
SYSTEM & GEN.s Kw
GOVERNOR LOAD SHARING
Equally rated gensets share load equally, gensets
with unequeal ratings, share load proportionally.

To figure each generators % of total capacity, add

all generator capacities together, then divide each
capacityby the total capacity. Example: Four gensets
with the following ratings, 350, 450, 700, and 1000Kw.

350 + 450 + 700 + 1000 = 2500 Total Kw.

350 Kw. = 350 / 2500 X 100 = 14 % of total capacity

450 Kw. = 450 / 2500 X 100 = 18 %
750 Kw. = 700 / 2500 X 100 = 28 %
1000 Kw. = 1000 / 2500 X 100 = 40 %
14% + 18% + 28% + 40% = 100% total capacity
GOVERNOR LOAD SHARING
Example: Total load is 1975 Kw.

350 Kw. Genset will have 14% of 1975 = 276.5 Kw. Load, 79% of rating.

450 Kw. Genset will have 18% of 1975 = 355.5 Kw. Load,

700 Kw. Genset will have 28% of 1975 = 553 Kw. Load.

1000 Kw. Genset will have 40% of 1975 = 790 Kw. Load.
1975 Kw. Total Load

1975 Kw. Total Load is 79% of 2500 Kw. total capacity.

GOVERNOR LOAD SHARING
LOAD SHARE LOAD SHARE
DEVICE #1 DEVICE #2
LOAD
BRIDGE BRIDGE
SHARING
CIRCUIT LINES CIRCUIT

LOAD SENSING LOAD SENSING

LOAD GAIN
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
ADJUST
4 6
2 8
0 10
PTs PTs
GEN. GEN.
CB CB

#1 #2
CTs CTs
TO LOAD
NON ANALOG PLC LOAD CONTROL
PLC DIGITAL OUTPUTs DE-ENERGIZE ULR s

LOAD SHARING LINES

ULR ULR

LOAD SHARING LOAD SHARING

GENERATORS IN
GOVERNOR GOVERNOR
LOAD SHARE MODE

PTs PTs
GEN. GEN.
CB CB

#1 #2
CTs CTs
TO LOAD
NON ANALOG PLC LOAD CONTROL
PLC DIGITAL OUTPUT ENERGIZES GEN. #1s ULR

LOAD SHARING LINES

ULR ULR

LOAD SHARING LOAD SHARING

GEN. #1s UNLOADED,
GOVERNOR GOVERNOR
SHIFTING ITs LOAD
ONTO GEN. #2

PTs PTs
GEN. GEN.
CB CB

#1 #2
CTs CTs
TO LOAD
ANALOG PLC LOAD CONTROL
PLC DIGITAL OUTPUTs DE-ENERGIZE ULR s,
GOVERNORS OPERATE LOAD SHARE.

LOAD SHARING LINES

LOADING
PLR SIGNAL PLR

FROM PLCs
ANALOG OUT
LOAD SHARING GENERATORS IN LOAD SHARING
GOVERNOR GOVERNOR
LOAD SHARING MODE

1000 Kw. 1000 Kw.

PTs
GEN. GEN.
CB CB

#1 #2
CTs CTs
TO LOAD
ANALOG PLC LOAD CONTROL
PLC DIGITAL OUTPUT ENERGIZES GEN. #1s PLR, PLCs
ANALOG OUTPUT CONTROLS GEN.#1 OUTPUT.

LOAD SHARING LINES

LOADING
PLR SIGNAL PLR

FROM PLCs
ANALOG OUT
LOAD SHARING PLC ENERGIZES GEN.1s LOAD SHARING
GOVERNOR PLR RELAY UNLOADING GOVERNOR
GEN.#1 FROM THE LOAD
SHARE POINT.
1000 Kw. 1000 Kw.
PTs
GEN. GEN.
CB CB

#1 #2
CTs CTs
TO LOAD
COMPONENT ARRANGEMENT