DESCENT WITH

MODIFICATION

Gen Bio 2, 1st Sem, Q1, S3A

 LESSON OBJECTIVE:
• Show patterns of descent with
modification from common
ancestors to produce the organismal
diversity observed today.
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10)
• Listed below are jumbled
letters. Arrange the letters
and match the unscrambled
word on the three pictures
shown on the right.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
• Listed below are jumbled
letters. Arrange the letters
and match the unscrambled
word on the three pictures
shown on the right.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
• Listed below are jumbled
letters. Arrange the letters
and match the unscrambled
word on the three pictures
shown on the right.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
QUESTIONS:
1. Are you familiar with the pictures
from the activity?
2. Can anyone explain what the
pictures in the activity are trying to
say?
3. What do you think are the
relevance of the three pictures with
our lesson for today?
•Descent with Modification
•Heredity
•Genes
•Evolution
•Charles Darwin
•Natural Selection
CHARLES DARWIN
• a British naturalist, used this word
common descent to refer to
evolution of species by
modification.
• He gathered evidences and patterns
or processes on how organism
changes with time form its descent.
• The phrase descent with modification summarized in
Charles Darwin’s perception of the unity of life in his
book, On the Origin of the Species, states that “all
organisms are related through descent from an
ancestor that lived in the remote past”.
• All living beings are said to be descended from the last
universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life on
Earth.
•“When species compete each other as
they adapt to the change in the
environment, the world will naturally
select the ones to survive, the best
adapted individuals and eventually the
evolution of anew species.”
• Darwin proposed that over long periods, natural
selection produces organisms that have different
structures, establish different niches or occupy
different habitats. As a result, species today look
different from their ancestors. Each living species
has descended with changes from other species
over time. He referred to this principle as descent
with modification.
WHAT IS DESCENT WITH
MODIFICATION?
Descent with modification refers to the
passing on of traits from parent organisms
to their offspring.
This passing on of traits is known as
heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is
the gene.
WHAT IS DESCENT WITH
MODIFICATION?
Genes are the blueprints for making an
organism and, as such, hold information about
its every conceivable aspect: its growth,
development, behavior, appearance, physiology,
and reproduction (Klappenbach, 2019).
 COMMON
DESCENT
all species-living or extinct- were
derived from common ancestors.
Jean Baptiste de Lamark on his Theory of
Use and Disuse
Carolus Linnaeus’ binomial nomenclature
Watson and Crick’s discovery of DNA
Gregor Mendel’s Genetics.
 A. PHYLOGENETIC TREE “TREE OF
LIFE”
Based on ribosomal RNA
genes implies a single
origin for all life.
it is a hypothesis of
descent modification which
shows species that might
belong to common ancestry
 COMMON
BIOCHEMISTRY
• All known forms of life are based on the same
fundamental biochemical organization: genetic
information encoded in DNA, transcribed into RNA,
through the effect of protein and RNA-enzymes, then
translated into proteins by highly similar ribosomes,
with ATP, NADPH and others as energy sources.
 COMMON GENETIC CODE
•The genetic code is nearly identical for all
known life forms, from bacteria and
archaea to animals and plants.
 SELECTIVE NEUTRAL
SIMILARITIES
• Amino acids
• proteins
 OTHER SIMILARITIES
• ATP
• Patterns of descent modification includes
mutation in the genetic material, speciation due
to adaptation, natural selection of the fit organism
towards adversities of the environment and
selective selection due to human research and
environmental factors causing genetic variations.
• Charles Darwin, “the father of evolution,” work with
Alfred Russel Wallace in the development of this
concept.
• Darwin’s work in particular focused on animals of the
Galapagos Islands, especially finches. Over time, the
idea that species changed from natural selection
pressures through “descent with modification” gave
rise to the idea of evolution.
 THE FAMILY TREE
(PHYLOGENY).
• Phylogenetic tree; it is a hypothesis of descent
modification which shows species that might
belong to common ancestry.
[Link] are the common ancestor of
plants, animals, fungi and protists?
2. What is the common ancestor of reptile,
fish, bird and mammals?
[Link] are found between
brachiopod and mammals; does this mean
that amphibians have characteristics
similar to mammals and brachiopod?
[Link] many kinds animals have
according to the tree of life?
[Link] is the common ancestor shared by
gymnosperms and angiosperms?
 HOMOLOGOUS VS. ANALOGOUS
CHARACTERISTICS
• Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances
that represent variations on a structural theme present in a
common ancestor. Such characters are similar to different
organisms because they were inherited from a common
ancestor that also had the character. Example, the human
arm, cat’s leg, whale flippers and bat’s wing have the same
structures yet take different roles, this is homology.
 HOMOLOGOUS VS. ANALOGOUS
CHARACTERISTICS
• Analogous characteristics are characters descended from
separate evolutionary origin but are superficially similar
because they have experienced natural selection. They have
different structures but are of similar functions. Examples are
the wings of the bat which consist of flaps skin and stretched
between the bones of the fingers and arms but different to that
of the bird but of both the same function as used in flying.
1. What is common among human arm, cat’s leg, whale flipper
and bat’s wing?
2. How do these differ in functions?
3. How do bat’s wing and bird’s wing differ?
4. How do their functions similar?
 GENETIC CODE
Comparison of the human
SIMILARITIES
genetic code with that of other
organisms show that chimpanzees are nearly genetically identical
(differ by less than 1.2%)whereas the mouse differs by ≈15%.
Ancestor species might have gone through the process of mutation
or during reproduction genetic material mutated that makes species
different from one another. Mutation occurs when a genetic code is
either deleted, duplicated, inverted or inserted. Mutations may be
caused by radiation, viruses, or carcinogens.
Human –
CCAAGGTCACGACTACTCCAATTGTCACAACTGTTCCAACCGTCACGA
CTCGA
Chimpanzee –
CCAAGGTCACGACTACTCCAATTGTCACAACTGTTCCAACCGTCATGA
CTCGA
Gorilla –
CCAAGGTCACAACTACTCCAATTGTCACAACTGTTCCAACCGTCACGA
CTCGA
1. Describe how the genetic code of chimpanzee and gorilla different from that
of human.
2. How many genetic codes differ between chimpanzee and human?
3. How many genetic codes differ between chimpanzee and gorilla?
4. How many genetic codes differ between gorilla and human?
 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
• Similar comparisons can be made based on
anatomical evidence. The skeleton of humans and
gorillas are very similar suggesting they shared a
common ancestor, but very different from the
more distantly related woodlouse yet all have a
common shared characteristic: bilateral symmetry.
1. What does it mean by bilateral symmetry?
2. How do gorilla and human skeletons similar?
3. How do gorilla and human skeletons differ?
 COMPARATIVE
EMBRYOLOGY
Similarities of some organisms can also be
traced on their embryonic development. Thus,
this also suggests that organism have common
descent.
• What can you tell about the similarities and differences of the
chick embryo and human embryo?
 COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY
The basic similarity of all living things suggests that they
evolved from a single common ancestor. All living things
also use a molecule called ATP to carry energy around the
organism. All living things pass on information from
generation to generation using the DNA molecule. The
DNA is made of amino acid sequence called codons. .
5. Which organisms in figure 9
resemble much with each other?
6. Which of the organisms are very
much unlike?
7. Which do you think has much
resemblance, lamprey and frog or frog
and chicken?
8. Is mouse and chicken more similar in
biochemistry than chicken and frog?
9. How much percent human and rhesus
monkey differ in its biochemistry?
10. Which among these organisms are
least likely resembles with human?
 GENETIC DRIFT
Reduction of genetic variation happens because of some factors;
variation in traits, differential reproduction and heredity. For
example, chickens have varied colors as traits; white, brown and red
chickens. When the environment can’t support unlimited population
growth, differential reproduction will occur, not all chickens get to
produce their full potential. White chickens easily attract predators
like mercat, red chickens often fight that results to death, the brown
ones seem to reproduce more. Brown trait then is inherited.
 VARIATION OF
TRAITS

VARIATION DIFFERENTIATE
D HEREDITY
OF TRAITS REPRODUCTION