IP Address
What is an IP address?
• An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label
assigned to each device connected to a computer network
that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
IP addresses consist of four sections
An IP address consists of four sections separated by dots.
Commonly written in decimal
Each section is 8 bits long
Each section can range from 0 to 255
Written, for example, 128.35.0.72
IP structure
5 Classes of IP address A B C D and E
Class A reserved for governments
Class B reserved for medium companies
Class C reserved for small companies
IP structure
Class D are reserved for multicasting
Class E are reserved for future use
IP structure
Purpose of an IP Address
▪ A logical network address that identifies a
host
▪ A host (end-user) must have a NIC card
▪ workstations
▪ servers
▪ printers
▪ router interface
IPv4 Vs IPv6
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long (four bytes). An
example of an IPv4 address is 216.58.216.164, which
is the front page of Google.com.
The maximum value of a 32-bit number is 232, or
4,294,967,296. So the maximum number of IPv4
addresses, which is called its address space, is
about 4.3 billion. In the 1980s, this was sufficient to
address every networked device, but scientists knew
that this space would quickly become exhausted.
Technologies such as NAT have delayed the problem
by allowing many devices to use a single IP address,
but a larger address space is needed to serve the
modern Internet.
IPv4 Vs IPv6
A major advantage of IPv6 is that it uses
128 bits of data to store an address,
permitting 2128 unique addresses, or
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,
768,211,456. The size of IPv6's address
space — 340 Duodecillion — is much,
much larger than IPv4.
IP address Classes
Class Address Range Supports
Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million
hosts on each of 127 networks.
Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts
on each of 16,000 networks.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on
each of 2 million networks.
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.254 Reserve for multicast
groups
Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserve for future use
or Research and development Purposes.
IPv4 Vs IPv6
IP structure
Class A begins 1 to 126
Class B begins 128 to 191
Class C begins 192 to 223
Reserved addresses
Addresses beginning 127 are reserved for
loopback and internal testing
xxx.0.0.0 reserved for network address
xxx.255.255.255 reserved for broadcast
IP Addresses
IP addresses are:
Unique
Global and Standardised
Essential
The Internet Protocol
Runningout!!
Upgraded to IPv6
Static vs. dynamic IP
addresses
IP addresses are assigned in two different ways. They
may be dynamically assigned (they can change
automatically) or statically assigned (they're intended
not to change, and must be changed manually). Most
home networks use dynamic allocation.
Your router uses DHCP to temporarily assign, or
"lease", an IP address to your device. After a period of
time, this lease "expires", and the router renews your
old address or assigns you a new one, depending on
the needs of the network and the configuration of the
router.
192.168.1.0 This number, called the network number,
identifies the network as a whole, and is not assigned to
a device.
192.168.1.1 The common default address assigned to
the gateway device. In most home networks, the
gateway is the router itself.
192.168.1.2 Another common gateway address. Or, it
may be assigned to a device on the network.
192.168.1.3–254 Assigned to devices on the
network.
192.168.1.255 The broadcast address of the
network. Data sent to this address is automatically
broadcast to addresses 1–254
If you have ever tried to change the
settings on your router, you may be
familiar with the
address 192.168.1.1. Commonly, this
is your router's address, If you enter
this address into the address bar of
your web browser, you can open
your router's configuration interface.
(Your router's address may be
different - check your manual.)
Network Trouble Shooting
Using the CMD
IPCONFIG
PING
TRACERT
NSLOOKUP
IPconfig:
The IPCONFIG command displays all current
TCP/IP network configuration values.
It gives you basic information to get your IP
address, your router’s IP address, DNS server
IP address, DHCP server IP address etc…
Allow you to send a signal to another device on the
NETWORK to see if it is ACTIVE.
How does it works?
Uses the ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol to send
out an “echo Request” to the destination device, and gets
back an “echo response” if the device you are trying to
reach of in fact ACTIVE.
TRACERT
Tracert – let’s you see the step by step route a
packet takes to the destination you specify.
So if you send a packet to a google.com
before the packet actually reaches google.com
servers, it will go trough many different
routers. Before it finally reaches to
google.com.
NSLOOKUP:
This command will fetch the DNS records
for a given domain name or IP address.
Remember, the IP address and domain
names are stored in DNS, so the nslookup
command let’s you query the DNS record to
gather information.
