Function Operations

Addition :  f  g ( x)  f x   g x 

Multiplica tion :  f  g x   f x  g x 

Subtractio n :  f  g x   f x   g x 

f f x 
Division :  x   where gx   0
g g x 
Adding and Subtracting Functions

Let f x   3 x  8 and g x   2 x  12.

Find f  g and f - g

 f  g ( x)  f x   g x   f  g ( x)  f x   g x 
 (3 x  8)  (2 x  12)  (3 x  8)  (2 x  12)
 5x  4  x  20

When we look at functions we also want to look at their

domains (valid x values). In this case, the domain is all real
numbers.
Multiplying Functions

Let f x   x - 1 and gx   x  1.

2

Find f  g

f x  g ( x)  ( x  1)( x  1)
2 In this case, the domain is all
real numbers because there are
 x  x  x 1
3 2

no values that will make the

function invalid.
Dividing Functions
Let f x   x - 1 and gx   x  1.
2

f 
Find  
g

f x  x 2  1 In this case, the domain is all real

 
g x  x  1 numbers EXCEPT -1, because
( x  1)( x  1) x=-1 would give a zero in the
 x 1
( x  1) denominator.
Let’s Try Some

Let f x   5 x 2 - 1 and gx   5 x  1.

Find f x   g ( x) What is the domain? Find f x   g ( x)
 Let’s Try Some
Let f x   5 x 2 - 1 and gx   5 x  1.
Find f x   g ( x) What is the domain? Find f x   g ( x)
 Let’s Try Some
Let f x   6 x 2  7x - 5 and gx   2 x  1.
f x 
Find f x  g ( x) What is the domain? Find
g(x)
 Let’s Try Some
Let f x   6 x 2  7x - 5 and gx   2 x  1.
f x 
Find f x  g ( x) What is the domain? Find
g(x)
Composite Function – When you combine two or
more functions

The composition of function g

with function is written as g  f x   g  f x 
1. Evaluate the inner function
f(x) first.

2. Then use your answer as the

input of the outer function g(x).
Example – Composition of Functions

Let f x   x  2 and g x  x . Find g  f  5

  2

Method 1: Method 2:
g  f x   g  f x  g  f x   g  f x 
g  x   g ( x  2)  ( x  2) 2 g  f  5  g (5  2)

g  f  5   5  2 2
 g (7)

 (7)  49
2
 (7)  49
2
 Let’s try some
Let f x   x 3 and g x   x 2  7. Find g  f 2 
You are shopping in a store that is offering 20% off everything. You also
have a coupon for $5 off any item.

2. Make a composition of
functions:
g  f x   ( g (0.8 x))
 0.8 x  5

This represents if they clerk

does the discount first, then
takes $5 off the discounted
price.
You are shopping in a store that is offering 20% off everything. You also have a coupon
for $5 off any item.

3. Now try applying the $5

coupon first, then taking 20%
off:  f  g x   ( f ( g ( x  5))
 0.8( x  5)
 0.8x - 4

How much more will it be if

the clerk applies the coupon
BEFORE the discount?
You are shopping in a store that is offering 20% off everything.
You also have a coupon for $5 off any item.

4. Subtract the two functions:

 f  g x   g  f x  
(0.8 x  4)  (0.8 x  5)  1

Any item will be $1 more if

the coupon is applied first.
You will save $1 if you take
the discount, then use the
coupon.
There are several types of functions in math's. Some
of the important types are:

1.One to One (Injective) function

2.Many to One function
3.Onto (Subjective) Function
4.Into Function
 1. One to One (Injective) function
• A function is one-to-one (1-1), or injective, or an injection, iff

every element of its range has only one pre-image.

• Only one element of the domain is mapped to any given one

element of the range.

• A function f: X -> Y is said to be a one-to-one function if the images of distinct

elements of X under f are distinct. Thus, f is one to one if f(x1) = f(x2)

• Property: A function f: A -> B is one-to-one if f(x 1) = f(x2) implies x1 = x2, i.e.,

an image of a distinct element of A under f mapping (function) is distinct.

• Condition to be One-to-One function: Every element of the domain has a

single image with a codomain after mapping.

One-to-one Function
2. Many to One function

• If the function is not one to one function then it should be

many to one function means every element of the domain has
more than one image at codomain after mapping.
• Property: One or more elements having the same image in the
codomain
• Condition to be Many to One function: One or more than
one element in the domain having a single image in the
codomain.
2. Many-to-one Function
 3. Onto (Surjective) Function

A function f: X -> Y is said to be an onto function if every element

of Y is an image of some element of set X under f, i.e. for every y
∈ Y there exists an element x in X such that f(x) = y.
Properties:
• The range of functions should be equal to the codomain.
• Every element of B is the image of some element of A.

Condition to be Onto function: The range of function should be

equal to the codomain.
 3. Onto function

As we see in the above two images, the range is equal to the

codomain means that every element of the codomain is mapped
with the element of the domain, as we know that elements that
are mapped in the codomain are known as the range. So these
are examples of the Onto function.
4. Into Function
A function f: X -> Y is said to be an into a function if there exists
at least one element or more than one element in Y, which does
not have any pre-images in X, which simply means that every
element of the codomain are not mapped with elements of the
domain.
Cont’d
From the above image, we can clearly see that every element of
the codomain is not mapped with elements of the domain means
the 10th element of the codomain is left unmapped. So this type
of function is known as Into function.
Properties:
• The Range of function is the proper subset of B
• The Range of functions should not equal B, where B is the
codomain.
 Solved Examples on Function
Example 1: Check whether the function f(x) = 2x + 3, is one-
to-one or not if Domain = {1, 2, 1/2} and Codomain = {5, 7, 4}
Solution:
Putting 1, 2, 1/2 in place of x in f(x) = 2x + 3, we get
f(1)=5,
f(2)=7,
f(1/2) = 4
As, for every value of x we get a unique f(x) thus, we can
conclude that our function f(x) is One to One.
 Example 2:
Check whether the function is one-to-one or not: f(x) = 3x – 2

Solution:

To check whether a function is one to one or not, we have to check that

elements of the domain have only a single pre-image in codomain or not.
For checking, we can write the function as,
f(x1) = f(x2)
3x1 – 2 = 3x2 – 2
3x1 = 3x2
x1 = x 2

Since both x1 = x2 which means that elements of the domain having a

single pre-image in its codomain. Hence the function f(x) = 3x – 2 is one
to one function.
Example 3

f(x) = x2, check whether the function is Many to One or not.

Solution:
Domain = {1, -1, 2, -2}, let’s put the elements of the domain in
the function
f(1) = 12 = 1
f(-1) = (-1)2 = 1
f(2) = (2)2 = 4
f(-2) = (-2)2 = 4
Thus, we can see that more than one element of the domain have
similar image after mapping. So this is Many to One function.
Example 4
If f(x) = 2x + 1 is defined on R:-> R. Then check whether the
following function is Onto or not
Solution:
For checking the function is Onto or not, Let’s first put the function f(x) equal to y
f(x) = y
y = 2x + 1
y – 1 = 2x
x = (y – 1) / 2
Now put the value of x in the function f(x), we get,
f((y – 1) / 2) = 2 × [(y – 1) / 2] +1
Taking LCM 2, we get
= [2(y – 1) + 2] / 2
= (2y – 2 + 2) / 2
=y
Since we get back y after putting the value of x in the function.
Hence the given function f(x) = 2x + 1 is Onto function.