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Session Objectives
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At the end of the session, the
participants would be able to:
1. Identify the hazards associated in the
use of scaffoldings and other
temporary structures.
2. State the different types of temporary
structures.
3. Enumerate the safety requirements
for the safe use of scaffoldings and
other temporary structure
Definition
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Scaffolding is a temporary structure
made of timber, metal or bamboo
with platform and support and used
as workplace or for storage of
materials in the course of any
construction works, including
maintenance and demolition works
(OSHS).
Scaffoldings
A scaffold is a valuable aid to construction
work as it enables us to perform many jobs
which would otherwise not be possible.
Scaffolding was intended to be a safety aid
however, it remains one of the more serious
problem areas in construction due to a high
frequency and severity of incidents.
More than 50% of these injuries are due to
falls.
Hazards in the Use of
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Scaffolding
Fall of person from height
Fall of materials and objects from height
Collapse of scaffold
Overloading of the scaffold
Safe access not provided
Electrocution
Classification of Scaffolds
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Supported Scaffolds are
platforms supported by legs,
outrigger, beams, brackets, poles,
uprights, posts, frames, or similar
rigid support.
Suspended Scaffolds contains one
or more platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid means from
an overhead structure.
Supported Scaffolds
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Mobile or Rolling Scaffold
Supported Scaffolds
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Tube and Coupler Frame Scaffold
Supported Scaffolds
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Outrigger Scaffold
Scaffolding Parts
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Main Frame
Ladder Joint Pin
Cross Brace
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Scaffolding Parts
Cat-walk Panel Cantilever Support
Adjustable Base Base Plate Castor Wheels
Plate
Suspended Scaffolds
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Suspended Scaffolds
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Suspended Scaffolds
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Suspended Scaffolds
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Selection of a Scaffolding
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Basic considerations
Weight of workers, tools,
materials and equipment
Site conditions
Height of scaffold
Type of work that will be done
Duration of work
Selection of a Scaffolding
17 System
Weather conditions
Requirements for pedestrian traffic
Means of access to the scaffold
Configuration of the building or
structure being worked on
Special erection or dismantling
circumstances
Frame Scaffolds
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Frame Scaffolds
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Assure Stability
Base Plates, nailed to
mud sill
Mud Sills
Firm Foundation
Plumbed and braced to
prevent swaying and
displacement
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Frame Scaffolds
Unstable Objects
should not be
used to support
scaffolds
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Frame Scaffolds
Capacity
four (4) times the maximum intended
load
Braces
Frames and panels must be
connected by cross, horizontal or
diagonal braces
Plumbed and level
Secured to prevent dislodging
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Mobile Scaffolds
Mobile or Rolling
Scaffolds
- should be
equipped with
castors or wheels.
Shall not be
moved
horizontally while
employees are on
them.
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Tube and Coupler Scaffold
Tube and coupler scaffolds over
125 feet / 38.5 meters must be;
Designed by a Structural Engineer
Constructed and loaded in accordance
with the design
Couplers must be made of
structural metal such as;
Malleable iron
Structural Grade Aluminum
Gray cast iron is prohibited
Tube and Coupler Scaffold
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Transverse bracing forming an “X”
must be installed at scaffold ends
Every 3rd set of post
Every 4th runner
Longitudinal bracing must be
installed diagonally at
45 degree angle
Every 5th post repeatedly
Building ties must be installed
Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
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Transverse bracing
Longitudinal
Bracing
Wall Ties
Runner
Bearer Post
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Rule 1414- OSHS
(4) Timber/bamboo scaffolds shall be
limited to a height of 20 meters from the
ground or base, provided that over a
height of 10 meters, the scaffoldings
and all other installations constructed
over the scaffoldings shall be designed
by a structural engineer and duly
approved by the appropriate authority.
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Rule 1414- OSHS
(5) At heights over 20 meters, structural
metals should be used and designed by a
structural engineer and duly approved by
appropriate authority;
(6) Structural steel when used as load
bearing members of scaffolding shall
be de-stressed at welded or bent joints
and design construction approved by
the appropriate authority.
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Scaffold Height
20’ The height of the
scaffold should
not be more than
four times its
minimum base
dimension unless
guys, ties, or
braces are used
5’
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Wall Ties and Anchorage
Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be
restrained from tipping by ties and
braces.
4:1 height from bottom and top most
Vertically:
every 20 feet for scaffolds 3 feet wide
every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3
feet wide
Horizontally every 30 feet from one
end
Safety Consideration Common
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to Scaffolds
Fittings and Accessories
To install all the parts, fittings and
accessories
Base Plates and Screw Jacks
Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio, the
outside (visible) length of exposed screw to
inside screw length.
Erection and Dismantling
By trained personnel only
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Poor attempt at securing cross
When scaffold frames are interconnected, failure of
bracing with wire
one frame can cause the whole system to collapse.
Safety Consideration Common
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to Scaffolds
Platform
Fully planked and decked
No more than 1” gap
Platform overlap at
support only
Overlap Length > 30 cm (12
in.)
Deflection < 1/60 of
span, L
Safety Consideration Common
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to Scaffolds
Safe Access:
Ladders, such as portable,
hook-on, attachable,
stairway type, and built-ins;
Stair towers
Ramps and walkways
*May use building stairs and come
out window
Improper Access
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Working Distance
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Working Distance
No gaps greater than 14
inches between the structure
and the scaffold platform
except when plastering.
Suspended Scaffolds:
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Support Device rest on surfaces capable of
supporting at least four times the load
imposed
Counterweights
Must be able to resist at least four times the
tipping moment
Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
Made of non-flowable materials
Tiebacks must be installed
Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or
both
Guardrail System/Fall
Protection
Fall protection is required where the
working height is above 2 meters -
guardrail is required
Guardrails must be able to withstand a load
of 100 kgs
- Top rails at least 1 meter in height.
- Mid rails and toe boards
- Toe boards (a least 15 cm)
- Upright supports not more than 2 meters
apart
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FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION
Hardhats
Barricades to exclude working below
Toe boards at edges of platforms
Provision of panels and screens
Canopies
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Clearance from Power Lines
Insulated Lines Minimum Distance
Voltage
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m)
more than 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m) plus
4 inches for each 1 KV
over 50 KV
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Clearance from Power Lines
Un-insulated Lines Minimum Distance
Voltage
Less than 50kv 10 feet (3.1 m)
More than 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m) plus 4
inches (10cm) for each 1
kv over 50 kv
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Example of scaffold being built
Example of scaffold being built
dangerously close to power lines.
dangerously close to power
lines.
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Inspection
Inspect Scaffolds
before use and attach a tag stating
the time and date of inspection.
before each work-shift
after changing weather conditions and
after prolonged interruptions of
work.
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Inspection
Check for
solid foundations, stable conditions
complete working and rest platforms
suitable anchorage points
required guardrails
loose connections
tie-off points/ anchorage
damaged components
proper access
use of fall protection equipment
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Dismantling
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Proceed in reverse order
to its erection
Workers should wear a
safety harness and
lanyard tied off to a
secured anchor before
attempting to loosen
stuck or jammed parts
Dismantling
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Prior to removal or loosening any component,
consider its effect on the scaffolds;
Check if some parts are altered;
Use only proper access;
Do not remove ties until scaffolds has been
removed;
Do not accumulate dismantled parts of
scaffolds;
Lower components in a safe manner;
Stockpile dismantled components orderly;
Remove components immediately after
loosening clamps.
Training Areas
Nature of Electrical, Fall & Falling
Object Hazards
Correct Procedure for protection
Proper use of scaffolds
Load capacities of scaffolds
Inspection
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To ensure safe use of
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scaffolds
Always:
Use appropriate scaffold
construction methods
Erect, move, or alter scaffold
properly
Protect from falling objects or tools
Ensure stable access
Supervision by a competent person
Train on scaffold construction and
the hazards involved with scaffolds
Inspect scaffold before each shift
and after alterations
Determine fall protection
requirements
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Ladder Safety
“No matter how quickly a job can be
done, there is always time to fall”
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LADDERS
Used as work platform only when in
use of small hand tools and
handling of light materials.
Shall be of sufficient length and be
placed such that worker will not
stretch
Damaged ladders shall be removed
and tagged “unsafe” or “destroyed”
Positioned at 1horizontal to 4
vertical
With handhold of at least 2.5 feet
FIVE RULES OF LADDER SAFETY
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1. Select the right ladder for the job.
2. Inspect ladder before you use it.
3. Setup the ladder with care.
4. Climb and descend ladders cautiously.
• Face ladder and hold on with both hands.
• Carry tools on belt or raise and lower with hand
line.
• Check shoes and rungs for slippery surfaces.
5. Use safe practices when working on a ladder.
• Always hold on with one hand and never reach too
far to either side or rear to maintain balance.
• Never climb higher than second step from top on a
stepladder or third from the top on a straight
ladder.
• Never attempt to move, shift, or extend ladder
while in use.
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THANK YOU !
