TCP / IP
Model
PRESENTA
TION
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01 Introduction to
TCP/IP
02 Layers of the TCP/IP 0
Model
03 TCP/IP vs OSI Model
01 Introduction to TCP/IP Model
A conceptual framework used to understand and implement network communications through layers.
Developed in the 1970s by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).
Its purpose is to allow computers of different types and networks to communicate
reliably.
02 Layers of the TCP/IP
Model
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Access Layer
(or Link Layer)
Application Layer
Provides network services to end-user
applications.
Application Layer
This layer interacts with software like
web browsers, email clients, and file
transfer tools. Handles protocols for
user communication and service
delivery.
Protocols
HTTP/HTTPS – For web page requests (browser)
FTP – File transfers over the network
SMTP, IMAP, POP3 – Emails
DNS – Resolving domain names to IP
addresses
Telnet/SSH – Remote login
Transport Layer
Responsible for end-to-end
communication, ensuring data is
delivered correctly.
Transport Layer
This layer is responsible too for
segmentation of data, reassembly, error
checking, flow control and port
addressing.
Transport Layer
Segmentation is the process of splitting large data into smaller ch
Reassembly: Putting the data back together at the
receiver.
Error checking ensures that the data sent over the network arrives correctly—without corruption.
TCP uses checksums to detect errors in data. When data is sent, a checksum(hash) is calculated
and added to the segment. The receiver recalculates the checksum. If it doesn’t match, the data
is considered corrupted, and a retransmission request is sent.
Telnet/SSH – Remote login
Protocols
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) which is reliable, connection-
oriented, and ensures all data arrives in order.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) which fast but data delivery is unreliable
because in some cases data arrival will not be in order or worst-case scenario
data is not being sent to the destination.
Faster, connectionless, good for real-time services like video calls, games and
phone calls.
Internet Layer
This layer is responsible for handling
logical addressing and routing so that
data can travel across networks.
Internet Layer
Assigns IP addresses with IPv4 or IPv6.
Determines the best path through the network (routing).
Encapsulating segments into packets
Protocols
IP (Internet Protocol) for handling source/destination
address addresses
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) handles reporting of errors
using for example the ping tool.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) which maps IP to
MAC addresses.
Network Access Layer or Link
Layer
This layer is responsible for handling the
physical connection to the network and
data transmission over the medium.
Internet Layer
Framing which adds headers/trailers to identify data boundaries
MAC addressing for handling local device identification
Physical transmission that handles the transmission and receiving of the message
through cables, wireless signals, etc.
Technologies Used
Ethernet Wi- PPP MAC (Media Access
Fi Control)
OSI vs
OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application
Application
Application
Transport
Network Internet
Data Link Network Access
Physical Network Access
OSI has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 4 which combines some of the layers of the osi model in a
OSI is use
single for reference model while TCP/IP is implemented on the internet.
layer.
Lab: Exploring IP Addresses and DNS Using Command Line Tools
Objectives:
To understand how domain names are translated into IP addresses using DNS.
To explore basic TCP/IP commands used in network troubleshooting.
To identify the layers of the TCP/IP model involved in each command.
Materials:
A computer with internet access
OS with terminal/command prompt (Windows/Linux/macOS)
Theory:
In the TCP/IP model, the Application Layer uses domain names like google.com. The Internet Layer works with IP addresses like 192.168.1.1.
DNS (Domain Name System) acts like the phonebook of the internet, translating domain names into IP addresses.\
Commands:
ping - Tests network connectivity (ICMP protocol)
nslookup - Looks up the IP address of a domain (DNS query)
tracert - Traces the route packets take to reach a destination
