Design of Tubular Members

Earthquake Engineering Research Centre

International Institute of Information
Technology
IIIT Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad -
Tubular members:

Tubular members are commonly used for jacket structures.

Because these are resisting various forces. Following
are the reasons:
Good dynamic properties (low Cd & Cm)
Good resistance against hydro static pressure.
Good buoyancy to weight ratio
Uniform property across section
No torsional buckling
Good ultimate strength compared to others
Full moment connections

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Tubular members:

Following factors affect the strength of the member:

Material properties (E, Fy, Ft)
Imperfections and residual stresses (Cant be zero).
Production method of tubular sections
Boundary conditions
Loading
Geometric properties (L/D, D/t)
(This is based on experience and code guidelines. Both parameters
will play major role in design).
Stiffeners: circumferential or longitudinal
(Choose stiffeners rather than increasing thickness of pipe. (a)
Uneconomical and (b) Plates are already purchased).
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Material properties of Steel:

Density: 7850 kg/m3 or 78.5 kN/m3

Tensile stress (Ft): 490-600 Mpa

Yield stress (Fy): 250-400 Mpa

Modulus of Elasticity (E): 200-210 Gpa
Strain in elastic range: 0.2%
Poissons ratio: 0.3-0.4
Co.efficient of friction: 0.3-0.4

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Imperfections:

Following are some imperfections that need to be included

Variation in cross section

Variation in thickness
(Larger the bending radius, smaller the stresses. Larger the D/t
ratio, strain will be smaller. Heat induced stresses during welding
could be large due to restraint provided by the joining components).
Reduce yield stress by 5% as per DNV.
Residual stresses API RP 2A is silent on residual stresses
Out-off roundness/straightness
Misalignment of thickness/length

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Imperfections:

Out-off straightness
The tolerance shall be measured at all points along the length of
member and the maximum shall be taken for consideration.
DNV code specifies a maximum limit of 0.0015L or L/666 as the limit.
API specifies a maximum limit of L/960 or 9.5 mm
The tolerance is important as this deviation will lead to eccentric
load and corresponding moment.

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Imperfections:

Out-off roundness
Out of roundness is normally specified as,
D D max D min
%
D D mean
API Spec 2B specifies that the above tolerance shall not exceed 2% and
DNV specifies that the tolerance shall not exceed 1%
Dmax
Dmean

Dmin

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Imperfections:

Misalignment of joints
(It includes additional eccentricity in axial loads and stresses).
API allows an eccentricity e of
(a) 0.2 t1; t1 - smaller thickness
(b) e<3.2 mm for welding from one side; and
(c) e<6.4 mm for welding from one side
DNV allows an eccentricity of 0.15 t1 or 4 mm whichever is less

Local & global buckling

Local buckling is governed by D/t ratio
Global buckling is governed by kL/r ratio

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Design Methods:
Design of structural member
Select a suitable material with sufficient strength
Satisfy the functional requirements with adequate safety
margin

Design is to be satisfied when,

Capacity Demand
Design Methods:
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

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Load < Resistance

Load = Resistance

Load > Resistance

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Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Demand Capacity
(Applied stress) (Allowable stress)

Probability ???

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Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)
Demand Capacity
(Design loads) (Resistance) Resistance factor
based on probability of
failure for different
methods of estimating
the resistance.

Probability

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Probability distribution of Q & R:

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Probability distribution of Q & R:

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Load combinations:

Load combinations and the associated load factors required

as per API RP 2A-LRFD
D1-dead load1 (eg: self weight)
Factored gravity loads:
D2-dead load2 (eg: equip load)
1.3D1+1.3D2+1.5L1+1.5L2
L1-live load1 (eg: fluid wt)
Wind, wave and current loads: L2-live load2 (eg: operating loads)

1.1D1+1.1D2+1.1L1+1.35(We+1.25Dn) We-extreme wind, wave and current loads

Wo-operating wind, wave and current loads

0.9D1+0.9D2+0.8L1+1.35(We+1.25Dn)
Dn-inertia loads w.r.t Wo
1.3D1+1.3D2+1.5L1+1.5L2+1.2(Wo+1.25Dn)
Earthquake loads
DL: 0.9-1.3
1.1D1+1.1D2+1.1L1+0.9El LL: 1.3-1.5

EnL: 1.3-1.4
0.9D1+0.9D2+0.8L1+0.9El
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ASD Design Procedure for Tubular
Members:
Divide the member into sections and calculate axial, bending and
shear forces in each section along the length. At least 3 sections
shall be checked.
Establish geometric properties such as sectional area, moment of
inertia, effective length factors, radius of gyration for each section.
Calculate the applied axial (fa), bending (fbx, fby), hoop (fh) and shear
stresses (fs) using the geometry of the section and the applied axial,
bending, hydrostatic and shear forces.
Establish the slenderness ratio (kL/r) and calculate the allowable
axial stress (Fa) and calculate the elastic buckling stress (F xe) and
inelastic buckling stress (Fxc).
Establish the D/t ratio and calculate the allowable bending stress (F b).
The combined effect of loads is obtained using interaction of these
loads in an appropriate manner using axial, bending, hoop and shear
interaction formulae.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Applied Stresses
Following method shall be used in calculation of applied stresses in
members.
P
Axial Stress, f a
A
Mxy Myy
Bending Stress, f bx ; f by
I xx I yy
V
Shear Stress, f s
0.5A
Ph D
Hoop Stress, f h ( Ph h )
2t

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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses

Following method shall be used in calculation of allowable stresses in

members. (Source: API RP 2A WSD cl. 3.2)
Axial Compression:

D/t 60

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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses

For members with a D/t > 60, substitute the critical local
buckling stress (Fxe or Fxc, whichever is smaller) for Fy in
determining Cc and Fa.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
1. Elastic local buckling stress

The elastic local buckling stress Fxe should be determined

from,

The theoretical value of C is 0.6. However, a reduced value of C = 0.3

is recommended to account for the effect of initial geometric
imperfections within API Spec 2B tolerance limits.

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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
2. Inelastic local buckling stress

The inelastic local buckling stress Fxc should be determined

from,

Axial Tension:
Fa=0.6 Fy

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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses

Bending stress:

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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses

For D/t ratios greater than 300, refer to API Bulletin 2U.

Maximum value is limited to 0.75 Fy

Most of the time, we dont permit D/t beyond 60 for
offshore structures. It is mandatory because of local
buckling effects.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction of axial compression and bending
Cylindrical members subjected to combined
compression and bending should be proportioned to
satisfy following requirements at all points along their
length.
For fa/Fa > 0.15
General case

For fa/Fa < 0.15

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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction of axial compression and bending

For asymmetric sections

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 ASD Design Procedure:
Moment Reduction Factor

Meq=CmMB
Values of the reduction factor Cm
referred to in the above table are
as follows (with terms as defined
by AISC):

12 2 E
Fe'
kL / r 2
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ASD Design Procedure:
Elastic hoop buckling stress
The elastic hoop buckling stress determination is based on a linear
stress-strain relationship from:

The critical hoop buckling coefficient Ch includes the effect of initial

geometric imperfections within API Spec 2B tolerance limits.

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ASD Design Procedure:
Critical Hoop Buckling Stress
The material yield strength relative to the elastic hoop buckling stress
determines whether elastic or inelastic hoop buckling occurs and the
critical hoop buckling stress, Fhc, in ksi (MPa) is defined by the
appropriate formula.

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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction equation for axial tension and hydrostatic
pressure

When member longitudinal tensile stresses and hoop compressive

stresses (collapse) occur simultaneously, the following interaction
equation should be satisfied:

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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction equation for axial tension and hydrostatic
pressure
Safety Factors

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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction equation for axial compression and
hydrostatic pressure
When longitudinal compressive stresses and hoop compressive
stresses occur simultaneously, the following equations should be
satisfied:

The following equation should also be satisfied when fx > 0.5 Fha

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Ring Design:
Circumferential stiffening ring size may be
selected on the following approximate basis

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Ring Design:

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