PATTERNS AND SYMMETRY

Pattern
• repeated arrangement of numbers,
shapes, colors and soon.
• can be related to any type of
event or object
• . If the set of numbers are related
to each other in a specific rule,
then the rule or manner is called a
pattern.
• Sometimes, patterns are also known
as a sequence.
• Patterns are finite or infinite in
numbers.
• regularity in the world, in human-
made design, or in abstract ideas.
• As such, the elements of a pattern
repeat in a predictable manner.

Geometric Pattern
• formed of geometric shapes and
typically repeated like a wallpaper
design. Any of the senses may
directly observe patterns.

Symmetry
• as one shape is exactly like the
other shape when it is moved,
rotated, or flipped.
• to a sense of harmonious and
beautiful proportion and balance.
• In mathematics, "symmetry" has a
more precise definition, and is
usually used to refer to an object
that is invariant under some
transformations;
1. including
2. translation
3. reflection
4. rotation or scaling.
1. TRANSLATION DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRIEZE PATTERN

• to describe a function that moves an 1. Hop

object a certain distance. The object is • only involves translation
not altered in any other way. 2. Step
• combination of translation and reflection
2. REFLECTION • Also called “glide reflection symmetry
3. Slide
• the figure or object is mirror image of • translation and vertical reflection
the other. symmetries
4. Spinning Hop
3. ROTATION • translation and rotation ( by half turn at
180 degrees angle)
• turns a figure about a fixed point 5. Spinning Sidle
called the center of rotation. Rotations • translation, glide, reflection, and rotation
can be done clockwise or 6. Jump
counterclockwise. • translation and horizontal reflection
7. Spinning Jump
4. DILATION • all symmetries (translation, horizontal and
vertical reflection, rotation)
• that changes the size of a figure. It
can Wallpaper Groups
become larger or smaller, but the shape • If translation symmetry is added in a
remains the same. second, independent direction, one
gets wallpaper groups. It turns out
GLIDED REFLECTION there are only 17 different wallpaper
• Translation and reflection can be groups (again, considering only
combined to yield an effect shown discrete group)
below.
2 kinds of symmetry TESSELATION
1. Bilateral Symmetry • A pattern covering a plane by
• object has two sides that fitting together replicas of the
are mirror images of each other. same basic shape. The word
2. Radial Symmetry tessellation comes from Latin word
• this is where a center point and tessera, which means a square
numerous lines of symmetry could tablet or die used in gambling.
be drawn. One good example is the • Tessellations have been created by
spider web. Oftentimes in the field nature and man either by accident
of medical science, symmetry is the or design.
basis to detect anomalies in human • Examples range from hexagonal
bodies like disfigured parts of the pattern of bees’ honeycomb,
body wherein one part being larger snakeskin, or a tiled floor to
or smaller than its counterpart. intricate decorations.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TESSELATION

1. REGUKAR TESSELATION
• A tessellation made up of
congruent regular polygons
which have the following
properties:
• The tessellation must tile a
floor (that goes on forever)
with no overlaps or gaps.
• The tiles must be the same
regular polygons.
"Symmetry establishes a ridiculous and 2. Semi-Regular Tessellation
wonderful cousinship between objects, • Also known as Archimedean
phenomena and theories outwardly Tessellations are regular
unrelated: terrestrial magnetism, woman's tessellations of two or more
veils, polarized light, natural selection, the different polygons around a
theory of groups, structure of space, vase vertex which has the same
designs, quantum physics, scarabs, flower arrangement of polygons.
petals, X-ray interference patterns, cell 3. Demi-Regular Tessellation
division in sea urchins, equilibrium • Is an edge-to-edge
positions of crystals,Romanesque tessellation, but the order or
cathedrals, snowflakes, music, the theory arrangement of polygons at
of relativity... each vertex is not the same.
”[2]
-Herman Weil
FRACTALS
• The function which iterates a figure
to make it smaller and smaller or
bigger and bigger using a scaling
factor is called Fractals.
• Fractals are mathematical
constructs characterized by self-
similarity. This means that as one
examines finer and finer details of
the object, the magnified area is
seen to be like the original but is
not identical to it.

Note: The process of dilation in

transformation is somewhat similar but
different from fractals as the former is
basically the same figure being smaller
or larger. The latter is just being
categorized as being almost identical
to the original.
ITERATION
• Iteration means repeating a process
over and over. In mathematics,
iteration means repeating a
function over and over.
• The Iterative Function System (IFS)
is a method for generating fractals
involving a large number of
calculations of a simple formula.
• Recursion is a special kind of
iteration. With recursion there is
given starting information and a
rule for how to use it to get new
information