9
Science
Quarter 4 – Module 7:
HEAT, WORK, and ENERGY
(WEEK 7)
Module
HEAT, WORK, and ENERGY
7
What I Need to Know
Hello students! This module aims to explain how heat can be turned into work
and how doing work releases heat. It discusses on the spontaneous processes where
heat flows from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature.
Furthermore, how heat engines functions, specifically, car’s engine is given emphasis.
Efficiency of heat engines is discussed through some worded problems and its effects
to the environment. Thermal pollution is explained because of the rise in temperature
of bodies of water that is detrimental to aquatic animals and is caused by the disposal
of heated industrial wastewater. Being aware of the disadvantages of less efficient
heat engines, we could design ways and means to lessen its effects.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines work.
What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read each question carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on
a separate paper.
1. Francis stretched a rubber band five times. After that, he observed that the
rubber band felt warmth. Did the rubber band gain heat?
A. No, it is not evident.
B. Yes, the rubber band felt warmth means it loss heat.
C. No, temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat.
D. Yes, the rubber band felt warmth means it gained heat.
2. Which of the following device converts thermal energy into mechanical work?
A. heat engine B. rice cooker C. refrigerator D. air conditioner
3. Which of the following statement is NOT true about the heat engine?
I. Efficiency of heat engine is always 100%.
II. In every heat engine, all the heat can be converted into work.
III. There is no ideal heat engine, making some heat exhaust in the environment.
IV. Heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into mechanical work.
A. I & III B. II & IV C. I & II D. III & IV
2
4. What is the effect of the accumulation of heat from diesel, gasoline, and
industrial engines?
A. Thermal energy C. Thermal pollution
B. Thermal expansion D. Thermal radiation
For questions 5 -7, Study the illustration below.
When a ball is released, it moves straight to
the bottle causing it to move through a
distance.
5. What is transferred to the ball causing it to move?
A. energy B. heat C. power D. work
6. Does the rolling ball can do work on the bottle? Why or why not?
A. No, because the bottle gains energy from the rolling ball.
B. Yes, because the person who does the work on the ball loses energy.
C. Yes, because a moving object can do work on anything it hits because of its
motion energy.
D. No, because force exerted in pushing the ball is not in the same direction as
the motion of the ball.
7. Which of the following is TRUE about work?
I. Work is also a means of transferring energy from one object to another.
II. When work is done by an object it loses energy.
III. When work is done on an object it gains energy.
IV. Work is done if the object moves a distance in the direction towards which you
are pushing it.
A. I, II, III B. II, III, IV C. I, III, IV D. I, II, III, IV
For questions 8 & 9, study the illustration on the
right.
8. What type of heat transfer is shown in the
picture?
A. conduction C. radiation
B. convection D. thermal
9. What happens to the kinetic energy of the
particles of water when heated?
A. faster C. nothing happens Source: https://pixabay.com
B. slower D. all of the above
10. Which of the following shows thermal equilibrium?
A. A light bulb is lit and lightens the entire room.
B. Glass becomes warm when hot water is poured into it.
C. Metal spoon becomes hot when it is placed inside a glass with hot water.
D. The mercury of the fever thermometer stops increasing while it is in the armpit.
3
11. Which of the following is described as the ratio of the useful work done to the
heat provided on how well a machine operates?
A. Thermal efficiency C. Thermal expansion
B. Thermal energy D. Thermal pollution
12. Which of the following is a CORRECT sequence of a four – cycle stroke of a
gasoline engine?
A. Compression Power Intake Exhaust
B. Intake Compression Power Exhaust
C. Exhaust Compression Power Intake
D. Power Intake Exhaust Compression
13. What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 192.75J of energy
from combustion and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
A. 35 % B. 36 % C. 37 % D. 38 %
14. Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses part of this
thermal energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature
of 350K. What is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
A. 41.65% B.41.66% C. 41.67% D. 41.68%
15. What is the thermal efficiency of a steam engine if the temperature is 30 oC and
88 oC in cold and hot reservoir respectively?
A. 12.65% B.14.06% C. 15.67% D. 16.07%
Lesson
THE HEAT ENGINE
1
What’s In
In Grade 7, you learned that when energy is transformed, such as thermal
energy, heat is always produced. Heat is an energy that is transferred from one object
to another due to the difference in their temperature. It is simply called as “energy in
transit”. Heat naturally transfers from high temperature to low temperature
object. Heat transfer stops when both temperatures of the two objects are the same.
When heat is absorbed by the body, its temperature increases. When heat is given off
by the body, its temperature decreases. Heat can be transferred in three ways: through
conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction takes place between objects
that are in contact with each other. The energy is transferred through particles that are
close or in contact with each other. Convection is a heat transfer between fluids such
as liquids and gases of different temperature which involves mass movement of fluids.
Radiation is a heat transfer in the absence of matter or through space. Objects with
dark surfaces absorbed more heat than objects with bright surfaces.
4
In Grade 8, you learned that heat is the transfer of energy between objects or
places because of difference in temperature. Heat exists as ‘energy in transit’ and it is
not contained in an object. The energy that is actually contained in an object due to
the motion of its particles is called thermal energy. The thermal energy of an object
is changed if heat is transferred to or from it. Since the amount of heat transferred
relates to the amount of change in thermal energy, the term heat in this module is also
used to refer to the measure of thermal energy transferred.
You also learned that if heat is absorbed or given off by an object, its
temperature changes. If the object absorbs heat its temperature rises. If heat is added
to an object, the particles of the object gain kinetic energy and they move faster. Since
temperature is directly related to kinetic energy, any gain in kinetic energy would cause
the temperature to increase. Conversely, if heat is transferred or removed from an
object, it loses kinetic energy, its particles move slower, and the body’s temperature
decreases.
Have you tried to heat a pot of tap water on a hot burner of a stove? It is
observed that the water temperature increases. In this situation, heat flows from hot
burner to the cold water. When two objects at different temperatures are put in contact,
heat spontaneously flows from an object of high temperature to the object of
low temperature. The natural flow of heat is always in the direction tending to equalize
the temperature. If the two objects are kept in contact long enough for their
temperatures to become equal, the two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium,
and there is no further heat flow between them. Let us take for example, when you
have a fever. You will use fever thermometer in your armpit in order to monitor your
temperature. Heat is flowing from your armpit to the thermometer; when the
temperature reading stops increasing, the thermometer is then in equilibrium with your
armpit, and they are at the same temperature.
What’s New
ACTIVITY: START THE ENGINE!
DIRECTIONS: The illustration below shows a four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine.
Study the illustration and rearrange the numbers to get the correct cycle of the gasoline
engine. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Study the illustration below.
1 2 3 4
5
What is your answer? ____________________
2. Fill in the table
WHAT HAPPENED TO
CYCLE STROKE MOVEMENT OF PISTON
MIXTURE OF GASES
INTAKE
COMPRESSION
POWER
EXHAUST
Guide Questions:
1. What happens to the gas if it is heated inside the engine’s cylinder?
2. What happens to the piston and the gases during compression stroke?
3. What is the function of the spark plug? What is its effect to the mixture’s
temperature?
4. Describe the piston and the gases during power stroke.
5. In exhaust stroke, what happens to the piston and the mixture of gases?
6. What do you think is the effect of this exhaust gas into the environment?
7. Can we consider heat engine 100% efficient? Why?
8. As a student, how can you help to minimize the effects of thermal pollution?
What is It
Work can be easily transformed into heat. It is very evident when doing work.
All the work we do in overcoming friction is completely changed to heat. Example,
eating (which is a method of work due to tearing and chewing food particles) can be
completely converted into heat (which is the product of mechanical and chemical
combustion and absorption of nutrients occurred in the digestive system). Reversing
the process is impossible such as changing heat completely into work. To make it
possible, we must convert some heat to mechanical work. This would happen only
using heat engines. Heat engine is a device that changes thermal energy into
mechanical work. How does it happen? What implication this will bring to the
environment?
Heat engine is a device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work. It
consists of a gas confined by a piston in a chamber. If the gas is heated, it expands,
making the piston moves. A practical engine is operated through cycles; the piston
has to move back and forth. When the gas has heated, the piston moves up. When it
is cooled, the piston moves downward. A cycle of heating and cooling will move the
piston up and down. A very important component of heat engines, then, is that two
temperatures are involved. At one cycle, the system is heated, at another, it is cooled.
Three things happen in a full cycle of a heat engine:
1. Heat is added. It is an input heat (QH) which is relatively high temperature.
2. Some of the energy from that input heat is used to do work (W).
3. The rest of the heat is removed at a relatively cold temperature (QC).
6
FOUR STROKES OF A GASOLINE ENGINE
INTAKE STROKE
When the engine starts, the piston moves downward in the
.
cylinder because of which a region of low pressure is created in
the cylinder above the piston. At this moment the intake valve
opens and the fuel mixture (petrol vapour and air) is sucked into
the cylinder from the carburattor.
COMPRESSION STROKE
When enough fuel is sucked into the cylinder, the intake valve
closes. The piston is forced to move upwards and as a result,
the fuel mixture is compressed to 1/8th of its original volume.
This compression increases the temperature of the fuel mixture.
POWER STROKE
When the fuel mixture is completely compressed, the spark
plug produces an electric spark which ignites the mixture. The
petrol burns rapidly and produces an extremely large volume
of hot gases. The pressure exerted by these products of
combustion pushes the piston downward with a great force.
The piston rod then pushes the crankshaft which in turn rotates
the wheel of the vehicle.
EXHAUST STROKE
When the piston has been pushed down to the bottom of the
cylinder, the exhaust valve opens and due to the momentum
gained by the wheels the piston is pushed upwards. This
upward movement of the piston expels the spent gases into
the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. It then gets
closed. The intake valve opens, and the four strokes are
repeated.
7
SOURCE: Science 9 Learner’s Manual
It is shown that there are four cycle-stroke in a gasoline engine. In the intake
stroke, the inlet valve opens, the piston moves down as the fuel-air mixture fills in the
cylinder. In compression stroke, the piston moves up and compresses the mixture---
adiabatically, since no heat transfer happens. The spark plug ignites the mixture
making its temperature high. Adiabatic process tends to push the piston down, thus it
is called power stroke. In exhaust stroke, the burned gases are pushed out of the
exhaust valve. The intake valve once again opens and the cycle repeats.
What’s More
DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect then
change the underlined word/s to make the sentence correct. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Heat is produced when work is done by an object.
2. Heat flows from object with low temperature to high temperature.
3. During the power stroke, gases are expelled into the atmosphere.
4. Convection is a heat transfer in the absence of matter or through space.
5. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particle decreases.
What I Have Learned
DIRECTIONS: Complete the boxes below to summarize your learning in this lesson.
Write your answer on a separate sheet.
1. A type of gasoline engine stroke when a burned gas is pushed out of the
exhaust valve.
2. A device that changes thermal energy into mechanical work.
8
3. The energy that is contained in an object due to the motion of its particles is
called ___________.
4. A type of heat transfer that takes place between objects that are in contact
with each other.
5. If the two objects are kept in contact long enough for their temperatures to
become equal, the two bodies are said to be in _____________.
Lesson
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
2
What’s New
DIRECTIONS: Read and understand the article below about the automobile engine.
An automobile engine is a
machine that transforms chemical
energy stored in fuel into mechanical
energy. The bonds between the
molecules in the petroleum fuel break
when the fuel burns. Carbon atoms in
the fuel combine with oxygen in the air
to form carbon dioxide, hydrogen
atoms in the fuel combine with oxygen
to form water, and energy is released. Source: https://pixabay.com/
How nice if all these could be converted into useful mechanical energy – that
is to say, how nice it would be if we could have an engine that is 100% efficient. This
is impossible, however, because much of the energy is transformed into thermal
energy, a little of which may be used to cool passengers using the air conditioning
system of the car but most of it is wasted. Some goes out in the exhaust gases, and
some is dissipated to the air or directly from hot engine parts.
In any energy transformation, there is a dilution of available useful energy.
The amount of usable energy decreases with each transformation until there is
nothing left but thermal energy at ordinary temperature.
9
When we study thermodynamics, we will see that thermal energy is useless
for doing work unless it is transformed to a lower temperature. Once it reaches the
lowest practical temperature, that for our environment, it cannot be used. The
environment around us is the graveyard of useful energy.
What is It
It was thought before the full understanding of the second law of
thermodynamics that at very low friction heat engine could convert nearly all the input
energy into useful work. It was then that Sadi Carnot carefully studied the compression
and expansion cycles.
How well a machine operates is the ratio of the useful work done to the heat
provided is the thermal efficiency. Applying Conservation of Energy, QH = W + QC An
important measure of a heat engine is its efficiency: how much of the input energy
ends up doing useful work? The efficiency is calculated as a fraction (although it is
stated as a percentage).
Work is just the input heat minus the exhaust heat, so
where:
QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
QH = energy added by heat/energy in hot reservoir
TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
Note: The temperatures are the absolute temperatures on the Kelvin scale.
Studying our equation, we can only have a 100% efficiency if there is no energy
transferred away from the engine by heat. But there is no 100% efficient engine. There
will be other losses (to friction, for example) that will reduce the efficiency.
Sample Problem 1
What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 192.75J of energy from
combustion and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
Given: QC= 125.25 J Find: Efficiency
QH = 192.75 J
Solution: x 100%
= 1 - 125.25 J X 100%
192.75 J
= (1 - 0.6398467433 J) X 100%
= 0.3601532567 X 100%
= 0.36 or 36%
10
Sample problem 2
Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses part of this thermal
energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature of 350K. What
is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
Given: TC = 350K Solution: Efficiency = 1 - X 100 %
TH = 600K
Find: Efficiency 350 K
=1- X 100 %
600 K
= (1 - 0.5833333333) X 100 %
= 0.4166666667 X 100 %
= 41.67 %
Sample problem 3
What is the thermal efficiency of a steam engine if the temperature is 30 oC and 88 oC
in cold and hot reservoir respectively?
NOTE: For problems given the temperature in °C, add them in 273 to make it
absolute temperature before proceeding to the equation.
Given: TC= 30°C+ 273= 303K Solution: Efficiency = 1 - X 100 %
TH= 88°C+273= 361K
303 K
=1- X 100 %
361 K
= (1 - 0.8393351801) X 100 %
= 0.1606648199 X 100 %
= 16.07 %
What’s More
ACTIVITY: FILL ME IN
Objective:
The learners should be able to verify that machines are not 100% efficient.
Materials Needed:
calculator
Procedures:
1. Study the table below.
2. Using the equation learned and with the aid of the calculator, solve for the unknown
quantity.
3. Supply the table with the final answer obtained from the computation to show the
relationship existing among thermal efficiency, temperature/energy in hot reservoir
and temperature/ energy in cold reservoir.
11
4. Write your solution on a separate sheet of paper. Round off your answer to whole
number.
TEMPERATURE / TEMPERATURE /
ENERGY IN COLD ENERGY IN HOT THERMAL EFFICIENCY
RESERVIOR RESERVIOR
250 K 500 K 50 %
30 OC 88 OC 16 %
1) 230 K 700 K
2) 287.5 K 575 K
3) 56 OC 92 OC
4) 65 OC 85 OC
5) 650 J 1054 J
What I Have Learned
DIRECTIONS: Answer the word problem below. Write your answer on a separate
sheet.
1) Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 930K. The engine uses part of this
thermal energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature
of 770K. What is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
2) What is the thermal efficiency of a steam engine if the temperature is 47 oC
and 56 oC in cold and hot reservoir respectively?
3) What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 259J of energy from
combustion and lose 677J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
Assessment
DIRECTIONS: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following device converts thermal energy into mechanical work?
A. heat engine B. rice cooker C. refrigerator D. air conditioner
2. What is the thermal efficiency of a steam engine if the temperature is 30 oC and
88 oC in cold and hot reservoir respectively?
A. 12.65% B.14.06% C. 15.67% D. 16.07%
3. Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K. The engine uses part of this
thermal energy for work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a temperature
of 350K. What is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?
A. 41.65% B.41.66% C. 41.67% D. 41.68%
12
4. What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that receives 192.75J of energy
from combustion and lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle?
A. 35 % B. 36 % C. 37 % D. 38 %
5. Francis stretched a rubber band five times. After that, he observed that the
rubber band felt warmth. Did the rubber band gain heat?
A. No, it is not evident.
B. Yes, the rubber band felt warmth means it loss heat.
C. No, temperature is not related to a gain or loss of heat.
D. Yes, the rubber band felt warmth means it gained heat.
6. Which of the following shows thermal equilibrium?
A. A light bulb is lit and lightens the entire room.
B. Glass becomes warm when hot water is poured into it.
C. Metal spoon becomes hot when it is placed inside a glass with hot water.
D. The mercury of the fever thermometer stops increasing while it is in the armpit.
7. Which of the following is a CORRECT sequence of a four – cycle stroke of a
gasoline engine?
A. Compression Power Intake Exhaust
B. Intake Compression Power Exhaust
C. Exhaust Compression Power Intake
D. Power Intake Exhaust Compression
8. Which of the following statement is NOT true about the heat engine?
I. Efficiency of heat engine is always 100%.
II. In every heat engine, all the heat can be converted into work.
III. There is no ideal heat engine, making some heat exhaust in the
environment.
IV. Heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into mechanical
work.
A. I & III B. II & IV C. I & II D. III & IV
For questions 9 -11, Study the illustration below.
When a ball is released, it moves straight to
the bottle causing it to move through a
distance.
9. Which of the following is described as “energy in transit”?
A. energy B. heat C. power D. work
13
10. If the bottle moves in the opposite direction of the moving ball, does the rolling
ball can do work on the bottle? Why or why not?
A. No, because the bottle gains energy from the rolling ball.
B. Yes, because the person who does the work on the ball loses energy.
C. Yes, because a moving object can do work on anything it hits because of its
motion energy.
D. No, because force exerted in pushing the ball is not in the same direction as
the motion of the ball.
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about work?
I. When work is done by an object it gains heat.
II. When work is done on an object it gains energy.
III. Work is also a means of transferring energy from one object to another.
IV. Work is done if the object moves a distance in the direction towards which you
are pushing it.
A. I only B. II only C. I, III, IV D. I, II, III, IV
For questions 12 & 13, study the illustration on
the right.
12. What type of heat transfer is shown in
the picture?
A. conduction C. radiation
B. convection D. thermal
13. What happens to the kinetic energy of
the particles of water when heated? Source: https://pixabay.com
A. faster C. nothing happens
B. slower D. all of the above
14. Which of the following is described as the ratio of the useful work done to the
heat provided on how well a machine operates?
A. Thermal efficiency C. Thermal expansion
B. Thermal energy D. Thermal pollution
15. What is the effect of the accumulation of heat from diesel, gasoline and
industrial engines?
A. Thermal energy C. Thermal pollution
B. Thermal expansion D. Thermal radiation
14
Answer Key
LESSON 1: THE HEAT ENGINE
WHAT’S NEW
1. What is your answer? 2143
2.
MOVEMENT OF WHAT HAPPENED TO
CYCLE STROKE
PISTON MIXTURE OF GASES
INTAKE Moves down Filled in the cylinder
Compressed into
COMPRESSION Moves upward
fractional amount
POWER Moves down Ignite the spark plug
Expelled out by the
EXHAUST Moves upward
exhaust pipe
GUIDE QUESTIONS (ANSWERS)
1. The gas expands.
2. The piston moves up. The mixture of gases is compressed into fractional
amount.
3. The spark plug ignites the mixture. This will increase the temperature of
the mixture.
4. The piston moves down. No heat enters or leaves the system.
5. The piston moves down, the exhaust valve opens and the burned gas
expelled out through the exhaust valve.
6. This gas will constitute to the air pollution. Eventually, it causes thermal
pollution.
7. No, a heat engine could not be 100% efficient because some of the
gases are exhausted into the environment.
8. I will inform the vehicles’ operators to always clean their muffler. I will
inform the public the bad effects of this exhaust gases to one’s health and
to the environment. I will encourage them to use unleaded gasoline. I will
advocate to plant trees so that carbon monoxide and halogens will be
absorbed by them.
WHAT’S MORE
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. TRUE
2. High temperature to low temperature 1. EXHAUST STROKE
3. Exhaust stroke 2. HEAT ENGINE
4. Radiation 3. THERMAL ENERGY
5. Increases
4. CONDUCTION
5. THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
15
LESSON 2: THERMAL EFFICIENCY
WHAT’S MORE
TEMPERATURE / TEMPERATURE /
THERMAL
ENERGY IN COLD ENERGY IN HOT
EFFICIENCY
RESERVIOR RESERVIOR
250 K 500 K 50 %
30 OC 88 OC 16 %
1) 230 K 700 K 33%
2) 287.5 K 575 K 50%
3) 56 OC 92 OC 10%
4) 65 OC 85 OC 6%
5) 650 J 1054 J 38%
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. 2.
3.
16
References
A. Books
• Aquino, Marites D. et. al. 2017. Science Links Worktext for Scientific
and Technological Literacy. Philippines: Rex Bookstore
• Arnold, Brian et. al. 2002. Longman GCSE Physics. United Kingdom:
Pearson Education
• Hewitt, Paul G. 2014. Conceptual Physics 11th edition. Singapore:
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
• SCIENCE 7 Learners Module, Department of Education, Republic of the
Philippines
• SCIENCE 8 Learners Module, Department of Education, Republic of the
Philippines
• SCIENCE 9 Learners Module, Department of Education, Republic of the
Philippines
B. Images
• https://pixabay.com/photos/engine-cars-speed-automotive-
2828878/
• https://pixabay.com/photos/teapots-pots-stove-flame-burning-
1858601/
C. Electronic
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHUwFuHuCdw
17
