7 Application
Electrical & Engineering technical college
6 Presentation
Computer Engineering Dept
5 Session
Network layers protocols
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
1
7 Application
6 Presentation Source & References
1. Computer Networks, Andrew S.
5 Session Tanenbaum
2. top to down-computer networking,James
Kurose.
4 Transport 3. [Link]
4. [Link]
3 Network 5. [Link]
6. [Link]
2 Data Link
1 Physical
2
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport INTRODUCTION
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
3
7 Application NETWORK ARCHITECTURES
6 Presentation A set of layers and protocols is called the network
architecture.
5 Session Protocol Hierarchies
Networks are organized as layers to reduce design
4 Transport complexity. Each layer offers services to the higher
layers. Between adjacent layers is an interface.
3 Network Services – connection oriented and
connectionless.
2 Data Link Interface – defines which primitives and services
the lower layer will offer to the upper layer.
1 Physical Primitives – operations such as request, indicate,
response, confirm.
4
7 Application NETWORK ARCHITECTURES
6 Presentation Design Issues for the Layers(functions)
• Mechanism for connection establishment
• Rules for data transfer
5 Session
• Error control
• Fast sender swamping a slow receiver
4 Transport • Inability of processes to accept long messages
• Routing in the case of multiple paths
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
5
Network Protocols
• Protocol: is a format order of messages sent and
received among the net entities and action taken on
messages transmission receipt.
Protocol process :
• The format or structure of the message
• The process by which networking devices share information
about pathways with other networks
• How and when error and system messages are passed
between devices
• The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
6
Layering In Networked Computing
• OSI Model (open system interconnection)
• TCP/IP Model
• Protocols at each layer
7
Learning outcomes
• Understand the need of layering in Networked computing
• Understand the OSI model and the TCP/IP model
– Understand the function protocols and their role at
each layer.
• TCP protocol
• UDP protocol
• Understand the role of header in communication between layers
• Understand how data sent from one host arrive to the target
host.
8
Why a layered model?
– Easier to teach communication process.
– Speeds development, changes in one layer does not
affect how the other levels works.
– Allows different hardware and software to work
together.
– Reduces complexity
– Breaks down communication into smaller, simpler
parts.
9
What is “THE MODEL?”
• the OSI reference model.
• The OSI model
– is a theoretical blueprint that helps us understand how
data gets from one user’s computer to another.
– It is also a model that helps develop standards so that all
of our hardware and software talks nicely to each other.
10
7 Layer OSI Model
• Q. Why use a reference model?
– Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow
communication between computers.
– Each layer has its own function and provides support to other
layers.
• Q. What are Other reference models are in use.
– Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
– We will compare OSI and TCP/IP models
11
Evolution of the 7-Layers
• Single Layer Model - First Communication Between Computer Devices
– Dedicated copper wire or radio link
– Hardware & software inextricably intertwined
– Single specification for all aspects of communication
Hardware Hardware
& &
Software Software
1
DEVICE A DEVICE B
12
Evolution of the 7-Layers
Application Application
Technical Technical
Standards Standards
• Two Layer Model
– Problem: Applications were being developed to run over ever-increasing
number of media/signaling systems.
– Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and routing)
aspects
– Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer
13
Evolution of the 7-Layers
Application Application
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Four Layer Model - Network connectivity inherently requires travel over
intermediate devices (nodes)
• Technical Standards Level divided into Network, Data-link and Physical
Layers 1
14
Evolution of the 7-Layers
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Five Layer Model – Increase Quality of Service (QOS)
•Variable levels of data integrity in network
•Additional data exchanges to ensure connectivity over worst conditions
1
•Became the Transport Layer
15
Application Application
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
16
Evolution of the 7-Layers
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• The Seven Layer OSI Model - Addition of Management and Security
– Standardizing notation or syntax for application messages (abstract syntax)
– Set of encoding rules (transfer syntax) 1
– Became the Presentation Layer
17
What Each Layer Does
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