Acceleration = Change Average Speed = Walking ~ 1.
5 m/s
in Velocity / Time Distance / Time
Velocity Running ~ 3 m/s
~ 0.2-0.9 Velocity = Displacement Typical speeds
seconds Displacement / Time Momentum Speed Cycling ~ 6 m/s
Force Distance Distance Travelled =
Experiment to Acceleration Energy Average Speed x Time Sound ~ 330 m/s
measure human
reaction time Vector: Scalar:
Magnitude and direction Magnitude only Measured with
Ruler drop Newton-meter
Scalar and Vector Measured in
Experimental Methods Quantities Measurement Newtons
Light gates
Removes uncertainty when
measuring time
2.1: MOTION AND FORCES Weight
No human reaction time Graphs Vehicles Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength
Gradient = Velocity-Time
Acceleration graphs Stopping distance
Gravitational Field Strength
= Thinking Distance +
Area = Distance Braking Distance Depends on planet
Distance-Time
graphs Weight also changes
Thinking Distance Braking Distance Measured in
N/kg with planet
Gradient = Speed
Fatigue, drugs Road, weather and
and alcohol vehicle conditions EDEXCEL
[Link]
[Link] [Link]
m₁v₁= m₂v₂ Acts towards centre of circle
Causes acceleration that
changes velocity Stays constant
Total momentum before event = Total momentum after event
Assuming no other external forces
Measured in Speed
kgm/s Centripetal
Conservation Force
Momentum = mass x velocity Velocity
Collisions Constantly changing
Momentum Circular Motion
Force = rate of change of momentum
2.2: MOTION AND FORCES The forces on interacting
Seat belts objects are equal and opposite
More time to change momentum Newton’s Laws
Smaller rate of change of momentum Third Law
Lower force
First Law
Velocity of an object only changes F=ma
if there is a resultant force Object is Second Law F = mΔv / t
stationary Inertial Mass
Force = Change in Momentum / Time
If resultant force = 0
KEY The acceleration of an object
is directly proportional to the
How difficult it is to
change object’s velocity
‘Higher tier only’ Object moving resultant force acting on it
written in green. at constant velocity EDEXCEL
[Link]
[Link] [Link]
