90 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 3B)

2
1. x  1 or x 
3

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

1. f (x)  f (2x  1) & x 2  3x  4  (2x  1) 2  3 (2x  1)  4

& x 2  3x  4  4x 2  2x  2 & 3x 2  x  2  0 & (x  1) (3x  2)  0.

5. f (x) 
1
& f { f (x)} 
1  2x 1 ·
(2x  1) 2x  3
(2 # 12
1 
(2x  1)
 
6. f (x) 
1
& f { f (x)} 
1  1 x  x 1 [replace x by 1 ]
(1  x) x x (1  x)
(1  2
1
(1  x)

( 12
1 
(1  x) (1  x)
& f [ f { f (x)}]   x #  x.
1 (1  x) 1
(1  x)
2 tan   2 tan   2 sin 
7. f (tan )  # cos 2   2 sin  · cos   sin 2.
(1  tan 2 ) sec 2  cos 
3x  1
3 y  1 3 c 5x  3 m  1   
8. f (y)    9x 3 5x 3  14x  x.
5y  3 3x  1  15x  5  15x  9 14
5c  m 3
5x 3

PROBLEMS BASED ON DOMAINS AND RANGES OF REAL FUNCTIONS

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1 ·
EXAMPLE 1 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x) 
x3
1 ·
SOLUTION We have, f (x) 
( x  3)
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x except that at which
x  3  0, i.e., x  3.
 dom ( f )  R  {3} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
1 1
y   & x3  y
x 3

& x  d y  3n ·
1
… (i)
It is clear from (i) that x assumes real values for all real values of y
except y  0.
 range ( f )  R  {0} .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {3} and range ( f )  R  {0} .
 Functions 91

x3
EXAMPLE 2 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
x5
x3
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
x5
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x except that at which
x  5  0, i.e., x  5.
 dom ( f )  R  {5} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x3
y   & xy  5y  x  3
x 5
5y  3
& x (y  1)  5y  3 & x   · … (i)
y 1
It is clear from (i) that x is not defined when y  1  0, i.e., when
y  1.
 range ( f )  R  {1} .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {5} and range ( f )  R  {1} .
x2  1 ·
EXAMPLE 3 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x) 
x2  1
x2  1 ·
SOLUTION We have, f (x) 
x2  1
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x except those for which
x 2  1  0, i.e., x  !1.
 dom ( f )  R  {1, 1} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x2  1
y & x 2 y  y  x 2  1 & x 2 (y  1)  (y  1)
x2  1
y1 y1
& x2   & x  ! · … (i)
y 1 y1
It is clear from (i) that x is not defined when y  1  0 or when
y1
 0.
y1
Now, y  1  0 & y  1. … (ii)
y1
And   0 & (y  1  0 and y  1  0) or (y  1  0 and y  1  0)
y 1
& (y  1 and y  1) or (y  1 and y  1)
& 1  y  1. … (iii)
[a y  1 and y  1 is not possible]
Thus, x is not defined when 1  y # 1. [using (ii) and (iii)]
 range ( f )  R  (1, 1] .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {1, 1} and range ( f )  R  (1, 1] .
92 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain of the real-valued function:

x2  x  1 ·
f (x)  2
x  5x  4
x 2
x1
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  2 ·
x  5x  4
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x except those at which
x 2  5x  4  0.
But, x 2  5x  4  0 & (x  1)(x  4)  0 & x  1 or x  4.
 dom ( f )  R  {1, 4} .
EXAMPLE 5 Find the domain of each of the following real functions:
1 ·
(i) f (x)  x  3 (ii) g (x)  4  x 2 (iii) h(x) 
1x
SOLUTION (i) We have, f (x)  x  3 .
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which
x  3 $ 0, i.e., x $ 3.
 dom ( f )  [3, 3) .
(ii) We have, g (x)  4  x 2 .
Clearly, g (x) is defined for all real values of x for which
(4  x 2) $ 0.
But, (4  x 2) $ 0 & (4  x 2) # 0
& x 2  4 # 0 & (x  2) (x  2) # 0
& 2 # x # 2 & xd[2, 2] .
 dom (g)  [2, 2] .
1 ·
(iii) We have, h(x) 
1x
Clearly, h(x) is defined for all real values of x for which
(1  x)  0.
But, 1  x  0 & 1  x & x  1 & xd(3, 1) .
 dom (h)  (3, 1) .
1
EXAMPLE 6 Find the domain of the function, f (x)  3  x  ·
x2  1
1
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  3  x  ·
x2  1
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which
3  x $ 0 and x 2  1  0
& x  3 # 0 and (x  1)(x  1)  0
& x # 3 and (x  1 or x  1)
& (x # 3 and x  1) or (x # 3 and x  1)
 Functions 93

& (x  1) or (1  x # 3)
& xd(3, 1),(1, 3].
 dom ( f )  (3, 1),(1, 3] .
EXAMPLE 7 Find the range of each of the following functions:
(i) f (x)  2  3x, xd R and x  0 (ii) g (x)  x 2  2, xd R.
SOLUTION (i) We have, f (x)  2  3x, where xd R and x  0.
Now, x  0 & 3x  0 & 3x  0
& 3x  2  0  2 & 2  3x  2
& f (x)  2 & f (x)d(3, 2) .
Hence, range ( f )  (3, 2) .
(ii) We have, g (x)  x 2  2, xd R.
Now, xd R & x 2 $ 0 & x 2  2 $ 0  2
& x 2  2 $ 2 & g (x) $ 2
& g (x)d[2, 3) .
Hence, range (g)  [2, 3) .
x2
EXAMPLE 8 Find the domain and the range of the function, f (x)   ·
x 3
x 2
SOLUTION We have, f (x)   ·
x 3
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which x  3 ! 0,
i.e., x ! 3.
 dom ( f )  R  {3} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x2
y   & xy  3y  x  2
x 3
& x ( y  1 )  3y  2
3y  2
& x  · … (i)
y 1
It follows from (i) that x assumes real values for all y except that for
which y  1  0, i.e., y  1.
 range ( f )  R  {1} .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {3} and range ( f )  R  {1} .
EXAMPLE 9 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  x  3 .
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  x  3 .
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which x  3 $ 0,
i.e., x $ 3.
 dom ( f )  [3, 3) .
Also, x $ 3 & f (x)  x  3 $ 0.
 range ( f )  [0, 3) .
Hence, dom ( f )  [3, 3) and range ( f )  [0, 3) .
94 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

EXAMPLE 10 Find the domain and the range of each of the functions given below.
(i) f (x)  |x  1| (ii) g (x)  |x|
SOLUTION (i) We have, f (x)  |x  1|.
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all xd R. So, dom ( f )  R.
For all xd R, we have
|x  1|$ 0 & f (x) $ 0.
 range ( f )  [0, 3) .
Hence, dom ( f )  R and range ( f )  [0, 3) .
(ii) We have, g (x)  |x|.
Clearly, g (x) is defined for all xd R. So, dom (g)  R.
For all xd R, we have
|x|$ 0 & |x|# 0 & g (x) # 0.
 range (g)  (3, 0] .
Hence, dom (g)  R and range (g)  (3, 0] .
1 ·
EXAMPLE 11 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x) 
x2
1 ·
SOLUTION We have, f (x) 
x2
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which x  2  0,
i.e., x  2.
 dom ( f )  (2, 3) .
For any real value of x  2, we have
x  2 & x2  0 & x2  0
1
&  0 & f (x)  0.
x2
 range ( f )  (0, 3) .
Hence, dom ( f )  (2, 3) and range ( f )  (0, 3) .

EXAMPLE 12 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  9  x 2 .
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  9  x 2 .
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which (9  x 2) $ 0.
And, 9  x 2 $ 0 & x 2  9 # 0 & (x  3)(x  3) # 0
& 3 # x # 3 & xd[3, 3] .
 dom ( f )  [3, 3] .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
y  9  x2 & y2  9  x2 & x2  9  y2 & x  9  y2 .
Clearly, x will take real values only when 9  y 2 $ 0.
Now, 9  y 2 $ 0 & y 2  9 # 0 & (y  3)(y  3) # 0
& 3 # y # 3 & y d[3, 3]
 Functions 95

& y d[0, 3] {a y  9  x 2 $ 0 for all xd[3, 3]}.

 range ( f )  [0, 3] .
Hence, dom ( f )  [3, 3] and range ( f )  [0, 3] .
x
EXAMPLE 13 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
(1  x 2)
x
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
(1  x 2)
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all xd R. So, dom ( f )  R.
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x
y & x2 y  x  y  0
(1  x 2)
1 ! 1  4y 2
& x · … (i)
2y
It is clear from (i) that x will take real values, when
(1  4y 2) $ 0 and y ! 0
& (4y 2  1) # 0 and y ! 0
& (2y  1)(2y  1) # 0 and y ! 0

by  lby  l # 0 and y ! 0
1 1
&
2 2
1 1
 # y # and y ! 0
&
2 2
1 1
& y d; , E  {0} .
2 2
Also, x  0 & y  0.
1 1
 range ( f )  ; , E ·
2 2
1 1
Hence, dom ( f )  R and range ( f )  ; , E ·
2 2
3
EXAMPLE 14 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
(2  x 2)
3
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
(2  x 2)
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x except those for which
2  x 2  0, i.e., x  ! 2 .
 dom ( f )  R  { 2 , 2 } .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
3
y & 2 y  x 2 y  3 & x 2 y  2y  3
(2  x 2)
2y  3 2y  3
& x2  y & x ! y
· … (i)
96 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

2y  3
It is clear from (i) that x will take real values only when y $ 0.
2y  3
 
Now, y $ 0 + (2y 3 # 0 and y  0) or (2y 3 $ 0 and y  0)
+ by # and y  0l or by $ and y  0l
3 3
2 2
+ (y  0) or by $ l
3
2
+ y d(3, 0) or y d; , 3l
3
2
+ y d(3, 0),; , 3l ·
3
2
range ( f )  (3, 0),; , 3l ·
3

2
Hence, dom ( f )  R  { 2 , 2 } and range ( f )  (3, 0),; , 3l ·
3
2
Z] _b
x2
Find the domain and the range of the real function f  ][ex, 2 o : xd Rb`
] b
EXAMPLE 15
] x 1 b
from R into R. \ a
x2 ,
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  xd R.
x 1
2

Clearly, x 2  1 ! 0 for any real value of x.

 f (x) is defined for all real values of x.
 dom ( f )  R.
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x2
y & x 2 y  y  x 2 & x 2 ( 1  y)  y
(x 2  1)
y y
& x2   & x  ! · … (i)
1 y 
( 1 y)
y
It is clear from (i) that x will take real values only when $ 0.

( 1 y)
y
Now, $ 0 + (y # 0 and 1  y  0) or (y $ 0 and 1  y  0)

( 1 y)
+ (y # 0 and y  1) or (y $ 0 and y  1)
+ (y $ 0 and y  1)
[a y # 0 and y  1 is not possible]
+ y d[0, 1) .
 range ( f )  [0, 1) .
Hence, dom ( f )  R and range ( f )  [0, 1) .
EXAMPLE 16 Find the domain and the range of the function
1
f  )dx, n : xd R and x !!13 ·
1  x2
 Functions 97

1 ,
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  xd R.
(1  x 2)
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which (1  x 2) ! 0.
Now, (1  x 2)  0 & (1  x)(1  x)  0 & x  1 or x  1.
Thus, f (x) is defined for all values of xd R except !1.
 dom ( f )  R  {1, 1} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
1
y & y  x2 y  1 & x2 y  y  1
1  x2
y1 y1
& x2  y & x  ! y
· … (i)
y1
It is clear from (i) that x will take real values only when y $ 0.
y1
 
Now, y $ 0 + (y 1 # 0 and y  0) or (y 1 $ 0 and y  0)
+ (y # 1 and y  0) or (y $ 1 and y  0)
+ (y  0) or (y $ 1)
+ y d(3, 0) or [1, 3) .
 range ( f )  (3, 0),[1, 3) .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {1, 1} and range ( f )  (3, 0),[1, 3) .
x 2  25
EXAMPLE 17 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
x5
x 2  25
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
x5
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which x  5 ! 0,
i.e., x ! 5.
 dom ( f )  R  {5} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x 2  25
y & y  x  5, when x  5 ! 0
x5
& y  x  5, when x ! 5
& y ! 5  5 & y ! 10.
Then, y can be assigned any real value except 10.
 range ( f )  R  {10} .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {5} and range ( f )  R  {10} .
3x
EXAMPLE 18 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
x3
3x
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
x3
98 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which x  3 ! 0,

i.e., x ! 3.
 dom ( f )  R  {3} .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
3x
y   & y  1, when x  3 ! 0
x 3
& y  1, when x ! 3.
 range ( f )  {1} .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {3} and range ( f )  {1} .

|x  3|
EXAMPLE 19 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
( x  3)
|x  3|
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
( x  3)
Clearly, f (x) is defined for all real values of x for which x  3 ! 0,
i.e., x ! 3.
 dom ( f )  R  {3} .
Now, when x ! 3, we have
 {a |x  3|  (x  3)}
f (x)  ][1, when x 3  0
]Z
]]
1, when x  3  0 {a |x  3|  (x  3)}
\
 range ( f )  {1, 1} .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  {3} and range ( f )  {1, 1} .
1
EXAMPLE 20 Find the domain of the real function, f (x)  ·

x |x|
1
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
x |x|
]Z
Now, |x| ][x, when x $ 0
]] x, when x  0
\
]Z 
& x |x| ][x x, when x $ 0
]] 
x x, when x  0
\Z
]]2x, when x $ 0
& x |x| [
]]0, when x  0
\
& x |x| 0, when x  0
1
& f (x)  assumes real values only when x |x|  0 and
x |x|
this happens only when x  0.
 dom ( f )  (0, 3) .
1
EXAMPLE 21 Show that f (x)  is not defined for any xd R. How will you
x |x|
define dom ( f ) and range ( f ) ?
 Functions 99

1
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·

x |x|
Z]
Now, |x| ][x, when x $ 0
]] x, when x  0
\Z
] 
& x |x| ][x x, when x $ 0
]] 
x x, when x  0
Z]\
& x |x| [ , when x $ 0
] 0
]]2x, when x  0
\
& x |x|# 0 for all xd R
1
& is not defined for any xd R.
x |x|
 dom ( f )   and range ( f )  .

GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION (STEP FUNCTION)

The function f : R " R : f (x)  [x], where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, is called the Greatest Integer Function.
EXAMPLES [3.65] = 3, [3.02] = 3, [5] = 5, [–2.6] = –3, [–4] = –4.
NOTE x  [x]  0 for xdZ and 0  x  [x]  1 for xd R  Z.
1
EXAMPLE 22 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
x  [x]
1
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·
x  [x]
We know that
]Z]x  [x]  0 for all x  0
]]
[]x  [x]  0, when x  0
]]
]x  [x]  0 for all x  0.
\
1
 f (x)  is defined only when x  [x]  0 and this
x  [x]
happens only when x  0.
 dom ( f )  (0, 3) .
Let y  f (x) . Then,
1 1
y & x  [x]  y · … (i)
x  [x]
1
Now, x  0 & x  [x]  0 & x  [x]  0 & y  0 & y  0.
 range ( f )  (0, 3) .
Hence, dom ( f )  (0, 3) and range ( f )  (0, 3) .
1
EXAMPLE 23 Find the domain and the range of the real function, f (x)  ·
x  [x]
100 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

1
SOLUTION We have, f (x)  ·

x [x]
We know that
0 # x  [x]  1 for all xd R
and x  [x]  0 for all xdZ.
 0  x  [x]  1 for all xd R  Z
1
& f (x)  exists for all xd R  Z
x  [x]
& dom ( f )  R  Z.
Also, 0  x  [x]  1 for all xd R  Z
& 0  x  [x]  1 for all xd R  Z
1
& 1  3 for all xd R  Z
x  [x]
& 1  f (x)  3 for all xd R  Z
& range ( f )  (1, 3) .
Hence, dom ( f )  R  Z and range ( f )  (1, 3) .

EXERCISE 3C
1. Find the domain of each of the following real functions:
3x  5 2x  3
(i) f (x)  2 (ii) f (x)  2
x 9 x x2
x 2  2x  1 x3  8
(iii) f (x)  2 (iv) f (x)  2

x 8x 12  x 1
Find the domain and the range of each of the following real functions:
1 1 x3
2. f (x)  x 3. f (x)  4. f (x) 
( x  5) 2x
3x  2 x 2  16 1
5. f (x)  6. f (x)  7. f (x) 
x2 x4 2x  3
ax  b x5
8. f (x)  9. f (x)  3x  5 10. f (x) 
cx  d 3x
1 |x  4|
11. f (x)  12. f (x)  1 |x  2| 13. f (x)  
x 1
2 x 4
x 9
2
1
14. f (x)   15. f (x) 
x 3 2  sin 3x

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 3C)

1. (i) R  {3, 3} (ii) R  {1, 2} (iii) R  {2, 6} (iv) R  {1, 1}
2. dom ( f )  R  {0}, range ( f )  R  {0}
3. dom ( f )  R  {5}, range ( f )  R  {0}
 Functions 101

4. dom ( f )  R  {2}, range ( f )  R  {1}

5. dom ( f )  R  { 2}, range ( f )  R  {3}
6. dom ( f )  R  {4}, range ( f )  R  {8}

7. dom ( f )  R  b 3, E, range ( f )  R  {0}

3
2
8. dom ( f )  R  ' c 1 , range ( f )  R  % c /
d a

9. dom ( f )  ; , 3l, range ( f )  R  [0, 3)

5
3
10. dom ( f )  (3, 5], range ( f )  [0, 3)
11. dom ( f )  (3, 1),(1, 3), range ( f )  R  {0}
12. dom ( f )  R, range ( f )  (3, 1]
13. dom ( f )  R  {4}, range ( f )  {1, 1}
14. dom ( f )  R  {3}, range ( f )  R  {6}

15. dom ( f )  R, range ( f )  ; , 1E

1
3

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

1
2. f (x)  x is not defined when x  0. So, dom ( f )  R  {0} .
1 1
Let y  f (x) . Then, y  x & x  y ·

 x is not defined when y  0. So, range ( f )  R  {0} .

1
3. f (x)  is not defined when x  5. So, dom ( f )  R  {5} .
(x  5)
& x  5  y & x  d y  5n ·
1 1 1
Let y  f (x) . Then, y 
(x  5)
 x is not defined when y  0. So, range ( f )  R  {0} .
x3
4. f (x)  is not defined when x  2. So, dom ( f )  R  {2} .
2x
Let y  f (x) . Then,
x3
y   & 2y  xy  x  3 & xy  x  2y  3
2 x
2y  3
& x (y  1)  2y  3 & x   ·
y 1
 x is not defined when y  1. So, range ( f )  R  {1} .
3x  2
5. f (x)  is not defined when x  2. So, dom ( f )  R  {2} .
x2
Let y  f (x) . Then,
3x  2
y  & xy  2y  3x  2 & 3x  xy  2y  2
x 2
2y  2
& x (3  y)  2y  2 & x   · … (i)
3 y
It follows from (i) that x is not defined when y  3.
 range ( f )  R  {3} .